test 1

Question 1

approximately how long ago did architecture start to emerge as a meaningful and what was the name of this period?

Answer 1

neolithic period or new stone age; 9000 BC

Question 2

When was Greek civilization formed and by what groups

Answer 2

1100BC- 800BC

-Dorians and Ionians

Question 3

What are the five classical orders of Greek architecture

Answer 3

-Doric, Ionic, Corninthian, Tuscan and Composite and byzanite

Question 4

How is “order” defined within the classical orders of Greek architecture?

Answer 4

• not just a column, all aspects of elevation of temple

- refined proportion and scale

Question 5

Who are the Etruscans and what did they contribute to the classical orders of architecture?

Answer 5

• first group in Italy to form a visual art
• predecessors to the Romans
• invented Tuscan Order : Capital –> Shaft –> Base

Question 6

When did Roman civilization begin and what were the two main architectural influences on this society?

Answer 6

• 753 BC

- Hellenistic and Etruscan influences

Question 7

What is considered to be the most innovative building material created by the Romans?

Answer 7

-invention of concrete

Question 8

What Roman structural support system replaced the Greek post and lintel?

Answer 8

arch

Question 9

What transition in human history greatly influenced architecture during the middle ages?

Answer 9

-Christian supremacy and worship (Christian symbolism-> Latin Cross)

Question 10

What is Romanesque architecture and during what period did it occur?

Answer 10

• 11th and 12th century, medieval europe

- round/ slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, cruciform piers supporting vaults

Question 11

What is Gothic architecture and during what period did it occur?

Answer 11

• 12th century
• emphasis verticality; greta expanses glass, flying butresses, pointed arches, ribbed stone vaults, pointed spires
• stain glass windows showing biblical stories

Question 12

disc 2: What is the Renaissance era of architecture and when did it take place?

Answer 12

• 15th century ; end of middle ages

- florence italy “cradle of renaissance”

Question 13

What is the primary influence of Renaissance architecture and how does it differ from medieval architecture?

Answer 13

• end of biblical architecture

- based on spiritual and intellectual autonomy of the individual

Question 14

From an aesthetic perspective, how do Renaissance architecture differ from medieval architecture?

Answer 14

• construction of vast domes and complex features

- complex paintings

Question 15

What is the Baroque era of architecture and when did it take place?

Answer 15

• 17th century
• used exaggerated motion and clear detail to produce drama, tension, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature and architecture –> began to express religious and spiritual themes

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Baroque architecture and what is the main influence?

Answer 16

• inspired by triumph of Catholic Church over Protestant Reformation

Question 17

Baroque architecture was highly promoted by the aristocracy for what reasons

Answer 17

-encouraged grandeur in arch. design in order to impress visitors and express triumph and control

Question 18

Approximately when did the influences on/for modern era of architecture emerge?

Answer 18

1850 as reaction against ‘continuity with the past’

Question 19

Approximately when did the “practice” of modern era architecture begin?

Answer 19

1900 “ Machine Age”

-rational and functional

Question 20

What are the basic geometric shapes common in modern architecture?

Answer 20

square circle and triangle

Question 21

What is the Arts and Crafts Movement in architecture and when did it take place?

Answer 21

• 1860s/ 1870’s

- value fine works of craftsman and sculptors vs industrialized architecture

Question 22

What is the Art Nouveau Movement in architecture and when did it take place?

Answer 22

• similar to arts and crafts; combined design o craftsmen, sculptors, painters, artists and architects in a single expression
• started in France in 1890
• rejected repetition of past architectural styles and incorporated new materials within modern designs

Question 23

When was the Chicago School of Architecture established and by whom?

Answer 23

William Le Baron; 1885

Question 24

What are two events that happened in Chicago that supported the need for the Chicago School of Architecture?

Answer 24

1. catastrophic fire destroyed must of city 1871
2. Industrial revolution transformed Chicago in economic hub –> increase land prices –> multi storey buildings (now had elevators!)

Question 25

Who were the two most notable architects emerging from the Chicago School of Architecture?

Answer 25

Daniel Burnham

John Root

Question 26

disc 3: What are the seven principles of design used in both architecture and urban design?

Answer 26

1. order
2. unity
3. balance
4. scale
5. proportion
6. rhythm
7. contrast

Question 27

What is “architecture” and how would you describe it?

Answer 27

• the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings

Question 28

Who is Vitruvius and how did he define architecture?

Answer 28

-one of first architects; good architecture provides

Commodity, firmness and delight

Question 29

What is Vitruvius’ main contribution to architecture regarding design

Answer 29

books –> still studied today

Question 30

What has been a major criticism of modern architecture as it relates to overall city planning

Answer 30

-architect doesn’t take into account the adjacent building forms when designing single building –> Lacks order

Question 31

What is the “golden ratio” in architecture?

Answer 31

• considered the perfect proportion “bc is to ab as ab is to ac “

Question 32

What are the four architectural values of architecture

Answer 32

1. context
2. clarity
3. character
4. climate