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GM PNS > Exam 4 Ear > Flashcards

Exam 4 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ectodermal thickening on the lateral “head”

A

Placode

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2
Q

What does the placode give rise to

A

The auditory pit, then auditory vesicle

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3
Q

What does the auditory vesicle give rise to

A

Most of the membranous inner ear

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4
Q

What secondary embryologic feature is derived from the 1st pharyngeal pouch

A

The auditory tube and tympanic cavity

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5
Q

What is the malleus derived from

A

The dorsal end of the ventral mandibular cartilage

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6
Q

What is the incus developed from

A

The dorsal end of the first pharyngeal arch

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7
Q

What is the stapes derived from

A

The dorsal end of the second pharyngeal arch

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8
Q

What is the tympanic membrane developed from

A

Interstitial mesoderm

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9
Q

What is the external acoustic canal developed from

A

First pharyngeal groove

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10
Q

What is the auricle developed from

A

A groove next to the 1st pharyngeal groove

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11
Q

What are the 3 portions of the ear

A

External, middle, inner

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12
Q

What are the 2 features of the external ear

A

The auricle and external acoustic meatus

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13
Q

What is another name for the auricle of the external ear

A

Pinna

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14
Q

What is the function of the auricle

A

Funnel sound waves into external acoustic meatus

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15
Q

What are the 3 extrinsic muscles of the auricle

A

Anterior auricular muscle, superior auricular muscle, and posterior auricular muscle

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16
Q

What are the intrisic muscles of the auricle

A

Helicus major/minor, tragicus, antitragicus, transverse muscle of the auricle, oblique muscle of the auricle

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17
Q

What is the shape of the external acoustic meatus

A

S shaped

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18
Q

Where is the medial 2/3 of the external acoustic meatus

A

Within temporal bone

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19
Q

What glands are located in the external acoustic meatus

A

Modified sweat glands producing cerumen

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20
Q

Where does the external acoustic meatus terminate

A

At the tympanic membrane

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21
Q

How is blood supplied to the external ear

A

Posterior auricular branch, anterior auricular branch, auricular branch

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22
Q

What is the sensory supply to the external ear

A

Auriculotemporal nerve, auricular branch, great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)

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23
Q

What is the motor supply of the external ear

A

Temporal and posterior auricular branches

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24
Q

What is the sympathetic supply to the external ear

A

From superior cervical ganglion

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25
Q

Where is the middle ear

A

Small space between tympanic membrane and inner ear

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26
Q

What are the 2 parts of the middle ear

A

Tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess

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27
Q

What are the 3 small bones in the middle ear

A

Incus, malleus, stapes

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28
Q

What 2 muscles are located in the tympanic cavity

A

Stapedius and tensor tympani

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29
Q

What is the blood supply to the middle ear

A

Anterior tympanic branch and tympanic branch

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30
Q

What is the sensory supply of the middle ear

A

Tympanic nerve of CN IX (pregang parasymp)

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31
Q

What is the motor supply of the middle ear

A

Nerve to stapedius (CN VII) supplying stapedius, medial pterygoid nerve

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32
Q

What does the medial pterygoid nerve of mandibular division supply within the middle ear

A

Tympani muscle

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33
Q

What is the sympathetic supply of the middle ear

A

Carotympanic nerves carry vasomotor and secretomotor fibers from superior cervical ganglion by way of internal carotid plexus

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34
Q

What is another name for the inner ear

A

Labyrinth

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35
Q

What are the two parts to the labyrinth

A

Bony and membranous

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36
Q

What is the bony labyrinth an enclosure for

A

The membranous labryinth

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37
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth surrounded by

A

Surrounded by perilymph within the bony labyrinth

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38
Q

What are the 3 parts of the bony labyrinth

A

The cochlea, the vestibule, the semicircular canals

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39
Q

What is contained within the cochlea

A

The cochlear duct

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40
Q

Where is the utricle and saccule contained

A

The vestibule

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41
Q

What contains the semicircular ducts

A

The anterior/superior,lateral, posterior semicircular canals

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42
Q

What connects the utricle and saccule

A

Utricosaccular duct

43
Q

Where is the endolymphatic duct located

A

From utricosaccular duct to just below the dura ending at the endolymphatic sac

44
Q

What is a reservoir for endolymph

A

The endolymphatic sac

45
Q

What connects the saccule with cochlear duct

A

The ductus reuniens

46
Q

the bony part of the cochlear that consists of a tube coiled around a cone shaped central bony structure called what

A

The modiolus

47
Q

How many times does the cochlea wrap around the modiolus

A

2.5-2.75 times

48
Q

What is the apex of the cochlea

A

The cochlear capula directed anterolaterally

49
Q

What is the bony ridge that connects the cochlea to the modiolus

A

The lamina of the modiolus

50
Q

What are the 3 channels of the cochlea

A

Cochlear duct, scala vestibuli, and scala tympani

51
Q

Where does the cochlear duct end

A

At the apex of the cochlea

52
Q

The scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate with each other at the apex through a channel called what

A

The helicotrema

53
Q

Is the scala vestibuli filled with endolymph or perilymph

A

Filled with perilymph

54
Q

What forms the base of the scala vestibuli and what is its purpose

A

The oval window forms the base so vibrations are transmitted into the scala vestibuli as the stapes vibrates

55
Q

Where is the scala vestibuli located and where is the scala tympani located

A

Scala vestibuli = above cochlear duct, scala tympani = below the cochlear duct

56
Q

Vibrations transmitted through the scala vestibuli pass to the scala tympani via what

A

The helicotrema

57
Q

What is the base of the scala tympani

A

The round window

58
Q

How is the cochlear duct anchored to the outer wall of the cochlea

A

By the spiral ligament

59
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli

A

The vestibular membrane

60
Q

What separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct

A

The basilar/spiral membrane

61
Q

Where is the spiral organ located

A

On the floor of the cochlear duct, attached to the basilar/spiral membrane

62
Q

What part of the inner ear is sensitive to frequency and amplitude of sound waves that enter the cochlea

A

The spiral organ

63
Q

What are the hair cells of the spiral organ covered by

A

The tectorial membrane

64
Q

What information is conveyed by spiral organs

A

It is conveyed from receptor cells to primary sensory neurons, cells bodies for the neurons are in the spiral ganglion

65
Q

After sound waves enter the external acoustic meatus what is impacted

A

The tympanic membrane vibrates

66
Q

How does sound travel through the ossicles of the middle ear (i.e. the order of them)

A

Malleus, incus, stapes transmit the vibrations

67
Q

How much is sound amplified by going through the ossicles of the middle ear

A

Amplifies the vibration 1.2 times

68
Q

What does the foot of the stapes articulate with

A

The oval window forming the base of the scala vestibuli

69
Q

Since the oval window is smaller than the tympanic membrane how much are the vibrations amplified

A

Another 17 times

70
Q

After vibrations travel through the oval window where do they go

A

Transmitted through perilymph of scala vestibuli and scala tympani to the round window

71
Q

What does the wave through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli/tympani through the round window then travels through perilymph causing what to vibrate

A

The basilar membrane

72
Q

What does the vibration of the basilar membrane stimulate

A

Receptors in the spiral organ

73
Q

After vibrations stimulate the receptors in the spiral organ where do they then go

A

The cochlear nerve

74
Q

What are the two sacs of the vestibular labyrinth

A

The saccule and utricle along with 3 semicircular ducts

75
Q

What fluid is contained within the structures of the vestibular labyrinth

A

Endolymph

76
Q

What does the saccule of the vestibular labyrinth communicate with

A

The cochlear duct via the ductus reuniens

77
Q

Which is larger the utricle or saccule and what does it communicate with

A

The utricle is larger and communicates with all 3 semicircular ducts

78
Q

How does the utricle communicate with the saccule

A

The utricosaccular duct

79
Q

What are the sense organs within the utricle and saccule called

A

Maculae

80
Q

What part of the vestibular floats on the endolymph

A

Otoliths

81
Q

What do movements of the head cause the otoliths to do

A

To deflect the maculae, eliciting impulses

82
Q

What does the utricle detect

A

Centrifugal and linear accelerations (in all planes)

83
Q

What does the saccule detect

A

Linear accelerations in vertical and A/P planes

84
Q

What are the sense organs in the semicircular ducts called and where are they located

A

Crista located in the ampulla of each duct

85
Q

What are the semicircular ducts sensitive to

A

Any direction but particularly sensitive to rotational accelerations

86
Q

Impulses initiated by crista are carried by neurons with cell bodies located wehre

A

Vestibular ganglion

87
Q

What are the branches of dendrites carrying info to the vestibular ganglion

A

Inferior and superior branches

88
Q

How many fibers are carried in the sup/inferior dendritic branches to the vestibular ganglion

A

Sup = 12,000 and inf = 8,000

89
Q

The superior branch of the vestibular ganglion carries info from where

A

The anterior and lateral semicircular duct and the utricle, also some from the saccule (Voit’s) nerve

90
Q

The inferior branch of the vestibular ganglion carries info from where

A

The posterior semicircular duct and the saccule

91
Q

Axons from the vestibular ganglion make up the what

A

Vestibular nerve

92
Q

What is the blood supply of the labyrinth

A

Internal auditor artery, and the stylomastoid artery

93
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the labyrinth

A

From the cavernous and/or internal carotid plexuses

94
Q

The cochlear nerve is composed of axons that send information through where

A

The cochlear to nuclei to the superior olivary/trapezoid nuclei located in the MO

95
Q

Information from the superior olivary/trapezoid nuclei in the MO then is carried where

A

In the lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculi and medial geniculate body

96
Q

After going through the lateral lemniscus and medial geniculate bodies information from cochlear nerve goes to where

A

The temporal lobe to reach brodmann areas 41 and 42

97
Q

What is the vestibular nerve made up of axons from

A

The vestibular ganglion

98
Q

Axons of the vestibular nerve carried to where

A

The vestibular nuclear complex of the medulla oblongata

99
Q

After traveling to the vestibular nuclear complex of MO info is processed where of the vestibular nerve

A

In the cerebellum

100
Q

What bones are located in the tympanic cavity

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

101
Q

What bone in the tympanic cavity is the largest and what does it contact with

A

Malleus and contacts with the tympanic membrane

102
Q

What does the incus transmit vibration from and to

A

From the malleus to the stapes

103
Q

What tympanic cavity bone has its base against the oval window

A

The stapes

GM PNS (12 decks)

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