Week 1: Lectures 1-6

Question 1

What organs are part of the nervous system and name their function

Answer 1

Brain, Spinal cord, sensory organs,nerves. To conduct electrical signals, detect stimuli, process stimuli, stimulate response.

Question 2

What organs are part of the endocrine system and name their function

Answer 2

Endocrine glands. To transmit chemical signals (hormones) into blood, regulate body function

Question 3

What organs are part of circulatory system and name their function

Answer 3

heart, blood vessels. To transport blood around the body

Question 4

What organs are part of the lymphatic system and name their function

Answer 4

lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen thymus, bone marrow. To transport lymph around the body and immunity

Question 5

What organs are part of the skeletal system and name their function

Answer 5

bones (source of red blood cells). To provide structural support and protection, production of red blood cells.

Question 6

What organs are part of integumentary system and name their function

Answer 6

skin. to separate body from external environment, protection, stimulus, synthesis, dynamic organ

Question 7

What organs are part of the muscular system and name their function

Answer 7

Muscles, involuntary movement of muscles

Question 8

What organs are part of the respiratory system and name their function

Answer 8

Lungs, airways. Gas exchange between the body and environment

Question 9

What organs are part of the digestive system and name their function

Answer 9

mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, liver, pancreas. To digest and absorb nutrients and regulation of nutrients in the body to excrete waste

Question 10

What organs are part of the digestive system/urinary system and name their function

Answer 10

kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter. To filter blood, regulate electrolytes and remove nitrogenous waste

Question 11

What organs are part of the reproductive system and what are their functions

Answer 11

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, penis, testes, accessory glands, ducts. To reproduce viable offspring

Question 12

Name the 5 key elements in the body

Answer 12

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus

Question 13

Name the two types of bonding and the difference between them

Answer 13

Covalent and Ionic bonding. Covalent is sharing electrons and ionic is losing or gaining electrons

Question 14

Define a polar molecule

Answer 14

A molecule that has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge at the other. If it is polar it can mix with water.

Question 15

Define Lipids

Answer 15

Macromolecules, mostly of carbon and Hydrogen, Electrons are shared evenly therefore non-polar. Form the outside layer of cells(plasma membrane)

Question 16

Define a plasma membrane

Answer 16

The outside lining of a cell that protects the cell from its surroundings. Nothing crosses it unless its non-polar and therefore needs proteins

Question 17

What are the features of plasma membrane

Answer 17

They have two layers of phospholipids. Phosphate attached to the polar end of the lipid

Question 18

What are proteins and what are they made of

Answer 18

Complex macromolecules made up of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. They are made from amino acids. Can be non-polar or polar.

Question 19

Features of a membrane protein

Answer 19

non-polar, allows molecules to cross membrane, insoluble, sits in membrane

Question 20

Features of carbohydrates and why they are needed

Answer 20

Carbohydrates are needed to create energy from the breaking down on bonds. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Polar, regenerate ATP. If aerobic CO2 is formed , if anaerobic lactate is formed

Question 21

Define Ions and state their features

Answer 21

Molecules which have lost or gained electrons. Cation is positive charge and anion is negative. Can dissolve in water, micronutrients, concentration measured in moles, polar

Question 22

What is Avogadro’s number

Answer 22

1 mole= 6.022x10^23 molecules

Question 23

Name the 4 key ions and their charge

Answer 23

Sodium(+), Chloride (-), Potassium (+), Phosphate (-)

Question 24

What ions are inside the cell

Answer 24

Potassium and phosphate

Question 25

what ions are outside the cell

Answer 25

Sodium and Chloride

Question 26

Features of acid

Answer 26

H+ releases H+ ions and bases binds H+. Measured on pH scale, pH7 is neutral. Less than 7 acidic, more than 7 is basic

Question 27

What are buffers

Answer 27

They keep cells at a neutral pH by using weak acids to release acid and weak bases to bind acids

Question 28

What is the Mitochondria

Answer 28

‘power pack’, consumes oxygen and regenerates ATP, thousands in a cell

Question 29

What is needed for transport across cell membranes

Answer 29

Proteins, polar molecules and plasma membrane

Question 30

What is diffusion

Answer 30

movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration, no energy required

Question 31

What does diffusion depend on

Answer 31

Concentrations on either side of the membrane, size of the molecule and polarity of the molecule

Question 32

Name 6 molecules for diffusion

Answer 32

water, carbon dioxide and oxygen, ions, fats and glucose

Question 33

Features of water diffusing

Answer 33

small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse and move through a membrane

Question 34

Features of CO2 and O2 diffusing

Answer 34

Small, non polar, can cross membrane

Question 35

Features of Ions diffusing

Answer 35

Small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse

Question 36

Features of fats diffusing

Answer 36

large, non polar, can cross membrane and diffuse from high concentration to low concentration

Question 37

Features of glucose diffusing

Answer 37

small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse