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Y3/ CBM > Immunisations > Flashcards

Immunisations Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious disease

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2
Q

What are two mechanism for acquiring immunity?

A

active and passive

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3
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

Vaccines produce their protective effect by inducing active immunity and providing immunological memory

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4
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Unvaccinated individuals will be less likely to be exposed to disease and also benefit from the vaccination programme
The percentage coverage needed varies with differing diseases

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5
Q

List the types of vaccines

A

live attenuated
inactivated
toxoid vaccines

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6
Q

Describe live-attenuated vaccines and give an example

A

organisms with antigenicity but lost virulence
may be a risk to immunocompromised
e.g. MMR

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7
Q

Describe inactivated vaccines and give examples

A

inactivated bacteria/viruses
may contain adjuncts - aluminium hydroxide or phosphate
e.g. influenza, diphtheria, pertussis, hepatitis B, mengingococcus, pneumococcus, haemopilus

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8
Q

Describe toxoid vaccines and give an example

A

specific toxin agents for immune protection e.g. tetanus

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9
Q

Who devises the vaccination schedule?

A

Department of Health

in the Green Book

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10
Q

At what ages are vaccinations given?

A

8 weeks 2 months
12 weeks 4 months
16 weeks 4 months
1 year

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11
Q

What vaccines are given at 2 months?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/Hep B (6in1) (Diptheria, Tetanus, (Pertussis, polio, haemophilus influenza type B, hepatitis B)
Pneumococcal (PCV)
Rotavirus
Meningococcal group B (MenB)

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12
Q

What vaccines are given at 3 months?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB

Rotavirus

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13
Q

What vaccines are given at 4 months?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
Pneumococcal (PCV)
Meningococcal Group B (Men B)

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14
Q

What vaccines are given at 1 year?

A

Hib/MenC
MMR
pneumococcal (PCV)
Meningococcal Group B (Men B)

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15
Q

What does DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB stand for?

A

diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
inactivated polio vaccine
haemophilus influenza type B
hepatitis B

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16
Q

What does PCV stand for?`

A

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

17
Q

In what 3 circumstances should additional vaccinations be given?

A
  1. Has comorbidities which make them susceptible to certain preventable disease e.g. influenza
  2. Is, or has been, exposed to an environment where infection with a preventable disease is more likely e.g. TB
  3. is going to travel to an area outside the UK which is endemic with a preventable disease e.g. hepA, typhoid, yellow fever
18
Q

additional immunisation to protect agasint influenza may be required in children over 6 months of age with comorbidities such as….

A

chonric heart, renal, liver, or respiratory disease (including asthma), or who have immunosuppression

19
Q

Describe the routine immunisation for the 2017/18 flu season

A

all children aged 2 years of age up to children in year 4 of primary school, should be offered influenza vaccine as part of the routine childhood immunization programme

20
Q

Who is the chickenpox vaccine recommended for?

A

susceptible children who are contacts of people who are immunocompromised e.g. they have a sibling with leukaemia or a parent undergoing chemotherapy

21
Q

What caution is needed for administration of the chicken pox vaccine?

A
  • a four week interval should be observed between administration of the chickenpox vaccine and the MMR, if they are not administered on the same day
22
Q

What to tell parents about vaccinating their child?

A
  • explain the benefits to the parents, in particular that is helps prevent serious illness in children, especially severe diseases such as meningities, whooping cough and tetanus
  • reassure that vaccinations are safe, and serious adverse effects are very rare. Pain, swelling and reddinging at the site of injection are most common and systemic effects, should they occur, are usually limited to mild fever
23
Q

What is the guidance on anti-pyretics?

A

The guidance has changed recently
Before MenB vaccine:
- advise parents not to give paracetamol or ibuprofen to prevent fever, however if pain or fever is problematic the chid may be given these
However there is evidence that the use of prophylactic paracetamol is useful in preventing fever

24
Q

What are the absolute contraindications for immunisation?

A
  • a confirmed anaphylactic reaction to a previous dose of a vaccine containing the same antigens
  • a confirmed anaphylactic reaction to another component contained in the relevant vaccine e.g. neomycin, streptomycin or polymyxin B (which may be present in trace amounts in some vaccines)
    These children need to be referred for specialist advice and immunisation in the hospital environment
25
Q

When should and shouldn’t you postpone a vaccination?

A
  • there’s no need to postpone vaccination if a baby has a minor illness, such as a cough or cold with no fever. But if the baby is ill with a fever, delay vaccination until they have recovered
26
Q

When shouldn’t you vaccinate?

A
  • if they have a fever
  • children who show signs of neurological problem that is getting worse, including poorly controlled epilepsy, should have ther vaccination postponsed until they can be seen by a paediatrician
  • if the baby has a Hx of febrile convulsion or has suffered a fit within 72 hours of a previous dose of the vaccine, speak to a paediatrician for advice
27
Q

What other contraindications should be considered?

A
  • live vacines may be temporarily contraindicated in children who are immunosuppressed
  • special considerations include egg/latex allergy and HIV
28
Q

What is the protocol when administering vaccines?

A
  • obtain written or verbal consent from a person with parental responsibility at the time of vaccination
  • check date,
  • wash site with soap and water if visibly dirty
  • administer the vaccine IM into the anterolateral aspect of the thigh
  • record the site of administration. if two vaccine are required the same day, use separate legs, or inject at least 2.5cm apart
  • after administration ensure any bleeding has stopped and check the child has no symptoms of anaphylaxis before they leave
  • rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) is given orally
29
Q

What are the common side effects of vaccines?

A

Local adverse reactions can begin a few hours after injection
- pain, swelling, redness at site of injection
Systemic side effects:
- fever, malaise, myalgia, irritability, headache, loss of appetite
The timing of the reaction can vary depending on the vaccination
For example, fever may start within a few hours of tetanus containing vaccinations, but occurs seven to ten days after measles containing vaccines

30
Q

Discuss parental concerns

A
  • it is natural for parents to be concerned about their child being immunised
  • any HCP involved in childhood immunisation must have adequate training to address parent questions
  • they may be concerned about the side effects and possible adverse reactions
  • consider MMR controversy. A scientific paper led to concern that the vaccine was linked to autism `
31
Q

Discuss prematurity and vaccinations

A

Premature babies may be at higher risk of catching infections and so immunisations are not delayed i.e. from eight weeks of age, no matter how premature they were

Y3/ CBM (9 decks)

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