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Science > Chemistry 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ionic Compound

A

A compound consisting of ions that bond together. Usually with one positive ion and one negative. An ionic compound’s charge is neutral; zero. If one of the ion’s charge is more than one, then there need to be more of the other one to balance the ion. When naming an ionic compound, always put the positive ion FIRST. E.g. Copper Sulphate.

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2
Q

Ionic Bond

A

A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

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3
Q

Electrostatic Attraction

A

When two atoms of opposite charges attract each other

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4
Q

Crystal Lattices

A

The structure of ions that form ionic compounds.

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5
Q

Isotope

A

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

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6
Q

Alpha Radiation

A

The emission of four sub-atomic particles from the nucleus, which have a mass of 4, and a charge of positive 2. An alpha decay - 2 neutrons and 2 protons (helium nucleus), that move relatively slowly.

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7
Q

Beta Decay

A

The emission of a high energy single electron (charge of negative 1). It moves very fast and has a mass of almost nothing.

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8
Q

Gamma Decay

A

The emission of high energy electromagnetic waves. Its mass and charge are 0. It moves EXTREMELY quick; at the speed of light!

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9
Q

Radiation

A

The particles or electromagnetic waves that have been released from radioactive decay/radioactive atoms.

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10
Q

Stable Isotope

A

When an isotope of an element has a proper ratio of protons to neutrons. For light elements, the ratio of neutron to proton is 1:1. For heavy elements, the ratio of neutrons to protons is 3:2.

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11
Q

Half-Life

A

The time it takes for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. E.g. Iodine -131 has a half-life of 8.1 days.

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12
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

The process of the nuclei throwing out particles (neutrons and/or protons) to become stable.

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13
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Isotopes that are radioactive.

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14
Q

Superscript Number

A

The number at the top of an ion, it tells you the charge of it. E.g. F- (Assume - Is on top).

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15
Q

Subscript Number

A

Tells you the number of this type of ion in an ionic compound. It is written at the bottom. E.g. F2 (Assume 2 is below the F).

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16
Q

Unstable Isotope

A

An isotope of an element that has too many neutrons. An unstable isotope is usually radioactive and undergoes radioactive decay to become stable.

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17
Q

Becquerel

A

The unit of measuring radioactivity. The short form is Bq.

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18
Q

Nuclear Radiation

A

The energy emitted by radioactive substances. It is named like it is because it comes from the nucleus.

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19
Q

Cosmic Radiation

A

Radiation consisting of cosmic rays.

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20
Q

Cosmic Ray

A

A highly energetic atomic nucleus or other particle travelling through space at a speed approaching that of light.

21
Q

Radiometric Dating

A

The technique used to measure the date/age of something. E.g. Geologists use radiometric dating to find out how old a particular rock is.

22
Q

Radiocarbon Dating

A

Radiometric dating with carbon. Carbon is an element that is in all living things, and a small amount of the carbon is radiocarbon.

23
Q

Nuclear Reactors

A

An apparatus or structure in which fissile material can be made to undergo a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear reaction with the consequent release of energy.

24
Q

Fuel Rod

A

A rod-shaped fuel element in a nuclear reactor.

25
Q

Fission

A

The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, by releasing radiation, so it releases energy.

26
Q

Fusion

A

The combining of nuclei to form a bigger and heavier nucleus, so it absorbs more energy.

27
Q

External Radiotherapy

A

Radiation directed at cancer in a patient’s body by a machine.

28
Q

Brachytherapy

A

Also known as Internal Radiotherapy, Brachytherapy involves placing radioisotopes inside the body at or near the site of the cancer/tumor in the patient’s body.

29
Q

Melt-Down

A

(Of a nuclear reactor) Undergo a catastrophic failure as a result of the fuel overheating.

30
Q

Ground Zero

A

The centre of a blast/where the blast occurred.

31
Q

Thermal Flash

A

When nuclear weapons explode, enormous amounts

of heat and radiation spread out from the centre of the blast in a thermal flash.

32
Q

Electromagnetic Pulse

A

An intense burst of electromagnetic energy caused by an abrupt, rapid acceleration of charged particles, usually electrons.

33
Q

Nuclear Fallout

A

Radioactive material that eventually comes back down to Earth after it was propelled into the upper atmosphere during a nuclear blast.

34
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

A process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as distinct from a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

35
Q

Exothermic

A

(of a reaction or process) accompanied by the release of heat.

36
Q

Endothermic

A

(of a reaction or process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat.

37
Q

Precipitate

A

Cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution

38
Q

Reactant

A

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. On the left side of an equation.

39
Q

Product

A

A substance that is created by a reactant change. On the right side of an equation

40
Q

State

A

The form that an element/compound is in. E.g. Solid, liquid, gas.

41
Q

Aqueous

A

Something that’s dissolved in water.

42
Q

Coefficient

A

A number placed in front of a compound/element in the equation, so that the equation becomes balanced.

43
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a more complex product. The reactants may be elements or compounds. The product is always a compound.

44
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction that involves breaking down a compound into smaller compounds or individual elements.

45
Q

Acid-Base Reaction

A

When an acid and a base are placed together, they react to neutralize the acid and base properties, producing a salt. The H(+) cation of the acid combines with the OH(-) anion of the base to form water. The compound formed by the cation of the base and the anion of the acid is called a salt.

46
Q

Combustion Reaction

A

an exothermic reaction in which something reacts with oxygen. The combustion of organic compounds usually takes the form organic compound + oxygen => water + carbon dioxide… Usually, a little explosion occurs.

47
Q

Single Displacement Reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound. This type of reaction is typically pictured like this: A replaces B in the compound BC.

48
Q

Double Displacement Reaction

A

A type of chemical reaction where two compounds react, and the positive ions (cation) and the negative ions (anion) of the two reactants switch places, forming two new compounds or products. These new products usually have a switched state of form. E.g. (S)Aq + Aq(L) = (L)S+ AqAq

Science (6 decks)

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