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geography > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What are some social development indicators?

A
  • Infant mortality
  • Sanitation levels
  • measures of inequality (Gini coefficient)
  • death/ birth rate
  • HDI
  • fertility rate
  • life expectancy
  • poverty
  • literacy rates
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2
Q

What are some economic development indicators?

A
  • % below poverty line
  • purchasing power parity
  • % subsistence farmers
  • GDP/ GDP per capita
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3
Q

What are some political development indicators?

A

Corruption precipitation index

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4
Q

What is development?

A

Development is a county’s wealth and its social and political progress

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5
Q

How can we show population structure?

A

Population pyramid graph

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6
Q

What does a population pyramid graph show?

A

Development stages of a country as we can analyse the demographic data of a country

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7
Q

What are trends as you move from a low income country to a high income country?

A
  • life expectancy decreases
  • birth rate and fertility rate decreases
  • infant and maternal mortality decreases
  • dependency ratio decreases
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8
Q

What does literacy rate correlate with in terms of gender equality?

A

Higher gender inequality, women inferior to men

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9
Q

What are causes of high maternal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa?

A
  • extreme poverty (women are married off)
  • STIs (little contraception)
  • sex is not discusses
  • not seeking medical attention when pregnant (unaware of risks)
  • low access to family planning
  • rural Africa with bi hospitals
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10
Q

What does the Brant map show?

A

A north and south divide - drawn in 1980

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11
Q

Why is the Brant map no longer valid?

A

As some BRIC nations in the Southern Hemisphere such as China are developing and economically growing

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12
Q

What is an RIC?

A

Recently/rapidly industrialising countries

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13
Q

What RICs make up the BRICS nations?

A

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa

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14
Q

What percentage of the world’s wealth do the richest 1% have?

A

43%

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15
Q

What is the champagne glass distribution?

A

The world is divided into 5 quintiles based on wealth

  • richest 20% = 83% of wealth
  • poorest 20% = 1.4% of wealth
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16
Q

What are some social barriers to development?

A
  • rural isolation

- climate change

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17
Q

What are some economic barriers to development?

A
  • international trade
  • cash crops
  • terms of trade
  • corruption
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18
Q

What are some political barriers to development?

A
  • corruption
  • terms of trade
  • colonialism
  • international trade
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19
Q

What are some environmental barriers to development?

A
  • impacts of pollution

- climate change

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20
Q

What are Malawi’s development barriers?

A
  • Rural isolation
  • landlocked
  • colonialism and cash crops
  • climate change/ pollution
  • terms of trade
  • international relations
  • corruption
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21
Q

How does Malawi being landlocked affect development?

A
  • Has no coastline - no port to export goods from and generate income
  • most transport routes are through other countries like Mozambique - this is a long and expensive process
  • most exports are primary goods so make less profit
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22
Q

How does rural isolation affect Malawi’s development?

A
  • 85% of Malawi’s population is rural with poor infrastructure
  • dirt roads- so take a lot longer to travel
  • flooding or natural disasters can mean farmers and civilians are cut off
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23
Q

How does corruption limit Malawi’s development?

A
  • more corrupt countries means a lower GDP so less social spending and development
  • leaders have offshore accounts small spending Malawi’s money
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24
Q

What does rostow’s model show for the traditional society?

A

Based of subsistence farming , fishing, forestry, mining and religion (agricultural primary sector)

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25
Q

What does Rostow’s model show for pre-conditions for take off?

A

-sells good to develop infrastructure needed for development

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26
Q

What does Rostow’s model show for take-off stages?

A
  • Introduction to rapid growth (industrial revolution)

- better infrastructure, financial investment and desires for material goods

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27
Q

What does Rostow’s model show for drive to maturity?

A
  • other industries grow more rapidly

- workers are skilled, educated and specialised

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28
Q

What does Rostow’s model show for high mass consumption?

A
  • manufacturing to consumerism
  • luxury goods become necessities
  • High incomes - more disposable incomes
  • majority of workers are in the tertiary sectors
  • westernisation
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29
Q

What are Rostow’s criticism?

A
  • makes the assumption that all countries start at the same level of development
  • it disregards that all countries have different resources, population and natural hazards
  • too old and doesn’t take into account technological advancements
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30
Q

What is franks dependency say that the rich are doing?

A

Limiting the development of the poor periphery

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31
Q

In terms of franks depending theory, how are the rich limiting the poor development?

A
  • They are exploiting the poor as the rich control the world economy and impose trade barriers
  • debt also holds the poor back
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32
Q

What is franks dependency theory’s criticisms?

A
  • out of date

- disregards other factors like lateral disasters, lack of resources and conflict

33
Q

What is the primary industry?

A

Extracts or uses the earths’s natural resources

E.g, agricultural, fishing and mining

34
Q

What is secondary industry?

A

Taking the raw materials and processing them into manufactured goods - recently modernised
E.g. steel making and textiles

35
Q

What is high-tech secondary industry?

A

Due to mechanisation there is a use of advanced technology in manufacturing
E.g. defence systems and microchips

36
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

The service sector

E.g. retail, health and education

37
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Providing information service that requires high levels of training (part of the knowledge economy)
E.g. computing, ICT and consultancy

38
Q

What is the Clark-fisher model?

A

A theory to show how the employment structure of a country changes as it develops

39
Q

What does the Clark-fisher model show?

A

As a country develops, the employment increases

40
Q

Why are primary sector jobs decreasing?

A
  • Mechanisation- less jobs are available so rural workers migrate to urban areas
  • De-population of farmers in MEDCs- workers prefer higher laid jobs that are less physically demanding. Also raw materials become exhausted
  • FDIs from TNCs- leading to industrialisation and more secondary jobs
41
Q

What is an FDI?

A

Foreign direct investment

42
Q

What is a TNC?

A

Trans national cooperation (e.g. apple)

43
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of the world becoming increasingly interconnected and appearing to be smaller as a result of developments in technology, transport and trade.

44
Q

What connections exist between countries?

A 
Debt
MNCs 
Transport
Technology and social media
Migration
Aid 
international agreements
45
Q

What is tourism beneficial to a country?

A

Brings money and economic support to a country- helping to gain popularity and help individual industries to flourish

46
Q

Why is aid beneficial to a country?

A

As countries build up relations and support each other- this can be both socially and economically advantageous

47
Q

What are some negative effects of globalisation on Africa?

A
  • The rich are becoming richer and exploiting MEDCs
  • world is now divided between the connected and isolated
  • children are forced to drop out of education as of limited wealth and opportunities
  • corruption
  • Africa’s exports from 1980-2002 dropped from 6-1.5%
48
Q

What are some effects of globalisation in SE Asia?

A

-Sped up development in SE Asia as MNCs have provided FDIs because if cheaper land, good education levels and access to the world market

49
Q

How has globalisation helped the UK compared to Malawi?

A
  • Higher GDP per person - UK= $37,700 Malawi = $900
  • in the UK we are predominately in the tertiary sector whereas Malawi is stuck in the primary sector
  • UK has a larger overseas marker
50
Q

What are top down projects?

A

Projects that will benefit the country more in the long run

51
Q

What are bottom up projects?

A

Projects that will benefit the poorer people quicker

52
Q

What are some attribute of a bottom up project?

A
  • small scale
  • environmentally sustainable
  • locals involved in decision making and targets poorer communities
  • basic technology
  • often funded by NGOs (charities)
  • could create a positive multiplier effect
53
Q

What are some attributes of a top down project?

A
  • large scale
  • may impact the environment
  • uses lots of advanced technology
  • governments and TNCs make decisions
  • could create a positive multiplier effect
  • very expensive
54
Q

What is an NGO?

A

Non-governmental organisation

55
Q

What are some advantages if the Xaya buri dam (top down project)?

A
  • creates a lot of electricity that is in demand for Thailand
  • Low co2 production
56
Q

What are some disadvantages if the Xaya buri dam (top down project)?

A
  • was previously one of the last untamed rivers
  • devastating effects of ecosystems and people
  • decrease biodiversity (blocks fish migration)- could lead to extinction
  • increase flooding
57
Q

What are some advantages of the play pump project (bottom up)?

A
  • relatively cheap and only one day to assemble
  • utilises the power of children playing (sustainable water supply)
  • sides of the pumps are billboards (pays for upkeep)
  • girls can get an education rathe then just fetching water
  • free of disease
  • by 2010 there were 4000 pumps across Africa
58
Q

What are some disadvantages of the play pump project (bottom up)?

A
  • dependent on kids playing
  • if it breaks down no one is trained to fix it
  • limited amount if water in one area
59
Q

What are some ways development can be encouraged?

A
  • Fair trade
  • aid
  • relief
  • remittances
  • FDI
60
Q

What is a social benefit of fair trade?

A

Direct purchase of farmer’s good at a guaranteed and fair price means mor profit for the farmers
This means they can afford the send their children to school etc
Improve cycle of poverty

61
Q

What is an environmental benefit of fair trade?

A

Usually small scale organic farms so reduces the negative impacts on the environment.
This means there is less change if eutrophication caused by fertiliser run off and less damage to ecosystems as there are less pesticides

62
Q

What is a social/economic benefit from fair trade?

A

Money also goes to community projects like building schools and clinics. This means communities benefit and their prospects are improved.

63
Q

What are some fair trade drawbacks?

A
  • Limits to what companies can do

- individuals must pay an initial joining fee- many cannot afford

64
Q

What is short term aid?

A

Short term aid is from voluntary emergency aid from NGOs or governments
E.g. food, water, healthcare after a natural disaster

65
Q

What is long term aid?

A

-voluntary long term aid from projects from NGOs (bottom up)
These are often bilateral aid (from one country to another)

-international development aid from governments. This is often multilateral aid (from lots of countries to another)

66
Q

What 3 gaps does aid try to address?

A
  • Foreign exchange gap - people have no money to spend on needed imports
  • savings gap - no savings to invest in technology or infrastructure
  • technical gap - no money to train or skill people
67
Q

What are some drawbacks of aid?

A

Unless aid is directly invested into countries there is risk of corruption and the country to remain poor

68
Q

What is a HIPC?

A

Highly indebted poor country

69
Q

Why are LEDCs becoming more and more in debt?

A

As they took out loans form the work bank in 1970 and since then African people have been trying to pay the debt back but can’t as the interest keeps increasing

70
Q

Where are the majority or HIPCs?

A

Distributed in sub-Saharan Africa and none in the western world

71
Q

What is the HIPC initiative?

A

The joint IMF world band approach to debt reduction, trying to ensure that the poor countries don’t face a debt burden they can’t manage

72
Q

What is IMF?

A

International Monetary Fund

73
Q

What would debt relief mean for LEDCs?

A

Poorer communities wouldn’t have to spend as much on debt so could spend their money on social spending and get out of a cycle of poverty

74
Q

What are remittances?

A

Remittances are funds transferred from migrants to their home country. They are the private savings if workers and help a country fund development independently.

75
Q

What are benefits of remittances?

A
  • migrants returning home have a higher prosperity for developing their own businesses
  • large inflows in foreign currency can cause the domestic currency to appreciate and make exports less competitive
  • consumption of imports rises
  • foreign workers can alternate labour shortages
  • integrated cultures
76
Q

What are disadvantages of remittances?

A
  • remittances spent on goods such as food and clothes won’t spur development as aren’t long term investments
  • LEDCs must understand how to use remittances effectively.
  • fair foresters dependency on outside flows and external development
  • countries much first develop policies that promote smart and sustainable growth
77
Q

What are some of the millennium development goals?

A
  • improve life in developing nations by 2015
  • achieve universal education
  • promote gender equality
  • eradicate disease and extreme poverty
78
Q

What are some issues the millennium goals face?

A
  • 1/10 of primary school kids are not educated
  • 6,000,000 children are dying before their 5th birthday
  • every hour 50 young women get HIV
  • 1/8 of the world still go hungry
79
Q

What are progressive and regressive population pyramid graphs?

A
  • progressive (triangle) reflects developing countries

- regressive (hexagon) reflects developed countries

geography (13 decks)

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