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Neuroscience > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 lobes of the cerebrum called?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. central (insula)
  6. limbic
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2
Q

What happens to the space occupying legion in the parietal lobe?

A

Debulked

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3
Q

Which layer is the thickest in the visual lobe?

A

III 3a, 3b, 3c

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4
Q

What do the cells of the visual lobe do?

A

Import visual information to the motor cortex

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5
Q

What are the thickest layers in the motor cortex?

A

V and VI

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6
Q

What did Brodmann discover?

A

He used Nissl staining to see that each area has discrete patches

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7
Q

According to the Brodmann’s map what are areas IV, XVII and I?

A

IV: motor cortex
XVII: visual cortex
I: sensory cortex

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8
Q

What is the cortical structure?

A

Has layers of neocortex

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9
Q

What is distinctive about neocortex II, IV and V?

A

II: small pyramidal cells
IV: stellate cells
V: large pyramidal cells

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10
Q

Who is Phineas Gage?

A

Someone who had damage to the frontal lobe and became aggressive and a drunk as a result

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11
Q

What has the case of Phineas Gage proven?

A

That the orbital frontal lobe contributes to personality

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12
Q

What is Brocha’s aphasia?

A

“Expressive aphasia”

Impaired speech; odd word structure, grammer and syntax

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13
Q

How is Brocha’s aphasia typically caused?

A

Left frontal lobe damage

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14
Q

What is Wernick’s aphasia?

A

“Fluent aphasia”

A receptive aphasia in which the speaker seems fluent but uses contrived/inappropriate words. Lacks comprehension

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15
Q

How is Wernick’s aphasia typically caused?

A

Posterior temporal lobe damage

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16
Q

What are examples of methods of modern mapping?

A

PET scanning
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Regional blood flow

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17
Q

How was PET scanning used to see the function of areas involved in language?

A
  1. Visual cortex:
    The word “car” is seen in the visual cortex
  2. Primary auditory complex (Wernick’s area):
    Wernick’s area conceives of he verb “drive” to go with “car”
  3. Premotor cortex (Brocha’s area)
    Brocha’s area compiles a motor program to speak the word “drive”
  4. Primary motor cortex
    The primary mortor cortex executes the program and the word is spoken.
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18
Q

How does PET scanning work?

A
  1. Inject radioactivity glucose
  2. produces gamma rays
  3. glucose is taken up in part of the brain
  4. hat part is being activated
    (diagostics than research)
19
Q

What is advantage and disadvantage of PET scanning in brain mapping?

A

Pros: Can see changes happening in real time
Cons: Images are blurred

20
Q

How does fMRI scanning work?

A

Looks for bloodflow in the brain;
more active means more blood
able to detect changes in bloodflow
overlay image over structure of brain

21
Q

What are the advantages of fMRI?

A

better spacial recognition and the test subject can do various tasks in the MRI machine

22
Q

What is the association cortex?

A

Most cortical area: the “silent” areas that support the primary cortex

23
Q

What does the association cortex do?

A

Input from many sources - modalities

24
Q

Is the association complex highly developed in humans?

A

yes

25
Q

What is the left hemisphere mostly lateralized for?

A

speech, calculation, analysis

26
Q

What is the right hemisphere mostly lateralized for?

A

spatial, conceptual, artistic

27
Q

How does lateralization occur?

A

Differential hemisphere gene expressionin development

28
Q

How does alien hand phenomenon occur?

A

Through callodectermy

29
Q

What is the alien hand phenomenon?

A

E.g. can draw a circle using one hand while drawing a square with another

30
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

Deep within hemispheres

31
Q

What is the basal ganglia associated with?

A

Movement

32
Q

What are disorders associated with the basal ganglia?

A

Parkingson’s and Huntington’s

33
Q

What does the striatum consist of?

A

Caudate and putamen

34
Q

What does the limbic system control?

A

Reticular formation; emotions, memory, motivation

35
Q

What are two structures that are part of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala, hypothalamus and thalamus

36
Q

What is a condition caused by a severed fornix?

A

Capgrar syndrome: emotional and memory parts are severed

37
Q

What is an example of someone with Capgrar syndrome?

A

A man cannot recognize his mother and thinks she is an imposter

38
Q

What has Capgrar syndrome suggested?

A

Emotions intertwine with memory alongside images

39
Q

What do the association fibers, th commissural fibers and the projection fibers form?

A

Cerebral fiber tracts

40
Q

What do the association fibers do?

A

Link areas within a hemisphere

41
Q

What do the commissural fibers do?

A

Connect between hemispheres

42
Q

What do the projection fibers do?

A

Link to non-cortical areas

43
Q

What are the components of the association fibers?

A 
arcuate fibers
longitudinal fascicula
corpus callosum
internal capsule
anterior commissure

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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