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sum: histology 1 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system provides what type of gas exchange

A

O2 and Co2 to and from the blood

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2
Q

Respiratory organs include

A

Lungs

Branching system of bronchial tubes that link the sites of gas exchange with the external environment

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3
Q

Ventilating system consists of ?

A

Thoracic cage
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Elastic components of the lung tissue

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4
Q

Respiratory system is divided into 2 components…name and function

A

Upper:
1. Conduction portion = Nasal cavities, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (windpipe), bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

Lower:
2. Respiratory portion: main gas exchange occurs, consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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5
Q

Define Alveoli

A

Cellular sites of Gas exchange of O2 and CO2 = between inspired air and blood
Sac like structures that make up most of the lungs

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6
Q

What is conduction portion of the lungs primary responsibility

A

Cleans and humidifies the inspired air

Provides a conduit through which air moves to and from the lungs

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7
Q

What structures make up the conduction portion of respiration

A

Cartilage
Elastic and collagen fibers
Smooth muscle

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8
Q

Nasal Cavity has 2 components….name

A
  1. External, dilated Vestibule

2. Internal nasal cavity

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9
Q

Skin of the nose enters the _______ (nostrils) partway into the ______ and has ______,______ glands, and coarse, moist _____ (hairs) that _____.

A 
Nares
Vestibule
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands 
Vibrissae 
Filter
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10
Q

Within the vestibule, the epithelium loses ____ ____ and undergoes a transition to tissue _____ ____ _____ before entering the _____ _____

A

Keratinized nature
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Nasal cavity

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11
Q

Nasal cavity lies within what

A

The skulls as 2 cavernous chambers separated by the Osseous Nasal Septum.

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12
Q

What extends from the lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

3 bony shelflike projections called Conchae or Turbinates

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13
Q

What lines the nasal cavity

A

Lamina propria = conditions the inhailed air

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14
Q

What do plasma cells secrete in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

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15
Q

What is the middle and inferior conchae covered with

A

Respiratory Epithelium

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16
Q

What is the roof of the nasal cavity and the superior conchae covered with

A

Specialized Olfactory Epithelium

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17
Q

what is most of nasal cavities and respiratory system conduction portion lined with

A

Mucosa having ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Respiratory epithelium has 5 major cell types: name each

A
  1. Ciliated columnar cells
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Brush cells
  4. Small granule cells
  5. Basal cells
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19
Q

Describe Ciliated cells

A

Most abundant

Each with 250-300 cilia on its apical surface

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20
Q

Describe goblet cell

A

Numerous with basal nuclei and apical domains filled w/ granules of mucin glycoproteins

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21
Q

Brush cells define

A

Less numerous
Columnar cell type in which small apical surface bears sparse microvili
Are chemosensory receptors resembling gustatory cells with similar transduction component and synaptic contact with afferent nerve endings on their basal surfaces

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22
Q

Small granule cells…define

A

Or (Kulchitsky cells)
Difficult to distinguish in preparations
Possess numerous dense core granules 100 to 300 nm in diameter
enteroendocrine cells of the gut

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23
Q

Basal cells define

A

Mitotically active stem and progenitor cells that give rise to the other epithelial cell types

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24
Q

Progenitor cells

A

Biological cell like stem cell, has tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell, is a more specific that’s a stem sell.

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25
Q

Medical application of chronic presence or accumulation of toxins that occur with heavy cigarette smoking .

A

Pollution affects the respiratory epithelium which begins in the nasal cavity.
Immobilization of the cilia causes failure to clear mucus containing filtered material and exacerbated the problem leading to squamous metaplasia of the epithelium.

The changes form pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous epithelium can occur, partially in the mucosa of bronchi. Producing precancerous “Cell Dysplasia” in the tissue

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26
Q

What can be found in the structure of Olfactory Epithelium

A

Olfactory Chemoreceptors for the sense of smell

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27
Q

Describe the olfactory epithelium and tissue type

A

A specialized region of the mucous membrane converting the superior conchae at the roof of the nasal cavity.
This pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium has 3 cell types…name each

A
  1. Olfactory neurons
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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29
Q

Lamina Propria of the olfactory epithelium possesses large ______ ______, the _____ ______ which produce a constant flow fo fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia and facilitating the access of new odoriferous substances.

A

Serous glands

Olfactory glands

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30
Q

What condition can occur as a result of traumatic damage to the ethmoid bone that severs olfactory nerve axons or by damage to the olfactory epithelium caused by intranasal drug use?

A

The loss of ability to smell “ Anosmia” or “Hyposmia”

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31
Q

Why is loss of the sense of smell due to toxic fumes or physical injury to the olfactory mucosa temporary?

A

Olfactory neurons are best known neurons to be replaced regularly, because of Regenerative activity of the epithelial stem cells from which they arise.

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32
Q

Paranasal Sinuses define and what type of tissue lines this structure

A

Are bilateral cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones of the skull.
Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium with fewer goblet cells.

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33
Q

Medical application of Sinuses:

What is Sinusitis?

A

An inflammatory process of the sinuses that may persist for long periods of time due to obstruction of drainage orifices.

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34
Q

Chronic sinusitis and bronchitis are components of what disorder?

A

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement )
or Karatagener Syndrome, an inherited genetic disorder characterized by defective ciliary action

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35
Q

Nasopharynx define and tissue type

A

Nasal cavities open posteriorly into the nasopharynx: the first part of the pharynx and continues causally with the Oropharynx= posterior part of the oral cavity leading to the larynx.

Tissue: lines with respiratory epithelium and it’s mucosa contains the Medical Pharyngeal tonsil and the Bilateral openings of the auditory tubes connected to each middle ear cavity

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36
Q

Larynx define and what it is reinforced by

A
  1. Short passage for air between pharynx and trachea
  2. It’s walls are reinforced by hyaline cartilage
  3. It maintains an open airway, with movements of these cartilages by skeletal muscles participate in sound production during phonation
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37
Q

Epiglottis define structure and tissue type

A
  1. Flatten structure projecting form the upper rim fo the larynx
  2. Serves to prevent swallowed food or fluid from entering the passage.
  3. Upper or lingual surface has Stratified Squamous epithelium
  4. Transitions to ciliated pseudostratified columnar in the Respiratory Epithelium
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38
Q

What is found beneath the epithelium of lamina propria ?

A

Mixed mucous and serous glands

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39
Q

Below the epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule, What projects into the lumen bilaterally?
And has two pairs of _______ separated by a narrow space or ventricle

A

Mucosa

2 pairs of folds

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40
Q

Describe the 2 pairs of folds of the lumen separated by the narrow space or ventricle

A
  1. Upper pair =immovable Vestibular Folds; partially covered by Respiratory Epithelium overlaying numerous Serous glands and occasional Lymphoid Nodules
  2. Lower pair of folds= Vocal folds (cords) have features important for phonation or sound production
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41
Q

What type of tissue are the 2 Pairs of lumen covered with

A

Stratified squamous epithelium protecting the mucosa from absorption and desiccation from rapid air movement

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42
Q

What supports the free edge of each vocal fold

A

Dense regular bundle of elastic connective tissue-Vocal Ligament

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43
Q

Describe the Vocalis Muscle

A

Deep to the mucosa of each Vocal Fold are Large bundles of striated fibers that comprise the Vocalis muscle

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44
Q

What is the Vocalis muscle responsible for

A

During Phonation the Vocalis muscles draw the paired vocal folds together

Note: it narrows the intervening luminal space (Rima Glottidis) and air expelled from the lungs causes the addicted vocal folds to vibrate producing sound.

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45
Q

How is speech produced

A

Speech is produced when sounds made in the Larynx are modified by movements of the pharynx, tongue and lips.

Note: Larynx is larger in males after puberty = causing men’s voice to be typically deeper

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46
Q

Medical application:
Inflammation of the larynx or ________ is due to viral infection and it is usually accompanied by ______ or swelling of the organs ____ _____.
Changing the shape of vocal folds or other parts of larynx, producing hoarseness or complete loss of voice.

A

Laryngitis
Edema
Lamina Propria

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47
Q

______ is similar syndrome in young children, in which _______ of the ______ ______ is accompanied by both hoarseness and coughs, typically loud and harsh.

A

Croup
Edema
Laryngeal Mucosa (form 2 prs of folds: true and false vocal cords)

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48
Q

What are Benign Reactive Polyps of true vocal cords called and where are they found

A

Singer’s Nodules

Frequently found in the Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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49
Q

Trachea is lined with what type of tissue

A 
Respiratory Mucosa 
(The mucosa is the innermost layer and consists of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells)
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50
Q

What type of gland does the Lamina Propria of the Respiratory mucosa contain

A

Lamina propria contains numerous Seromucous Glands producing watery mucus

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51
Q

What keeps the tracheal lumen opened

A

Serious with about a dozen C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the submucosa reinforces the wall

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52
Q

What muscle bridges trachea and esophagus

A

Smooth muscle = Trachealis muscle and a sheet of fibroblast ice tissue attached to the perichondrium (connective tissue that wraps around cartilage of developing bone)

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53
Q

Define adventitia

A

Also known as Tunica Adventitia = Outermost connective tissue covering of an organ or vessel

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54
Q

Medical Application:
Coughing is a reflex cation produced most often by Viral Infections, other irritations of the trachea or region of the respiratory track.
A persistent Dry Cough in which no mucus (phlegm) is produced can be treated by ________ that act on _____ and _____ while Productive Coughs are treated with _______ that help to loosen mucus covering the respiratory mucosa.

A

Cough Suppressants
Brainstem
Vagus Nerve
Expectorants

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55
Q

What does trachea divide into

A

2 Primary Bronchi that enter each lung at the Hilum along with arteries,veins and lymphatic vessels

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56
Q

What is Hilum of the lung

A

Hilum (lung roots-found on the medial aspect of each lung-only site of entrance or exit of structures associated w/ the lungs)

57
Q

Trachea Bifurcates to what

A

R/L Primary Bronchi that enters the hilum on the posterior side of each lung with pulmonary vessels, lymphatics and nerves

58
Q

Primary Bronchi divides further into what structures

A

Secondary (lobar) Bronchi = (superior/middle/inferior secondary bronchi)
Tertiary Bronchi
Smaller Bronchi

59
Q

How is resection of diseased lung tissue possible

A

Because the existence of Lung Segments facilitates the specific surgical resection of diseased lung tissue without affecting nearby healthy tissue

60
Q

Tertiary Bronchi give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi, whose terminal branches are called ______. Each _______ enters the _____ ______ where it branches to form 5 to 7 ________ _________.

A

Bronchioles
Bronchioles
Pulmonary Lobule
Terminal Bronchioles

61
Q

Region:
Vestibules of Nasal Cavity

Name: Epithelum, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Stratified Squam-keretanized to nonkeratenized
Gland: Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
Musculoskeletal: Hyaline Cartilage
Function: Vibrissae (Stiff hairs) and moisture both filter and humidify air

62
Q

Region:
Most areas of Nasal Cavity

Name: Epithelium, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Respiratory
Glands: Seroumucous Galnds
Musculoskeletal support: Bone and Hyaline Cartilage
Function: Rich vasculature and glands warm, humidity and clean air

63
Q

Region:
Superior areas of nasal cavities:

Name: Epithelium, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Olfactory w/bipolar neurons
Glands: Serous (Bowman) glands
Musculoskeletal support: Bone (Ethmoid)
Function: Solubilize and detect odorant molecules in air

64
Q

Region:
Nasopharyx and Posterior Oropharynx:

Name: Epithelium, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Respiratory and stratified Squamous
Glands: Seromucous glands
Musculoskeletal support: Bone and skeletal muscle
Function: Conduct air to Larynx and pharyngeal, palatine tonsils

65
Q

Region:
Larynx

Name: Epithelium, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Respiratory and Stratified Squamous
Glands: Mucous glands, smaller Seromucous glands
Musculoskeletal support: Elastic and hyaline cartilage, ligaments, skeletal muscle
Function: site for phonation; epiglottis closes while swallowing

66
Q

Region:
Trachea

Name: Epithelium, Glands, Musculoskeletal support, Major Functions

A

Epithelium: Respiratory
Glands: Mainly mucous glands, some serous or mixed glands
Musculoskeletal support: C-Shaped rings of hyaline cartilage w/ smooth muscle (trachealis) in posterior opening fo each
Function: Conduct air to primary bronchi entering lungs; some MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

67
Q

As the bronchial diameter decreases, cartilage rings are gradually replaced with what

A

Isolated plated of hyaline cartilage

68
Q

What is found both within the lamina propria and among the epithelial cells of the branching points of the bronchial tree?

A

Numerous lymphocytes

69
Q

What type of tissue is more abundant as bronchi become smaller and cartilage and other connective tissues are reduced?

A

(MALT) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

70
Q

What do Bronchioles lack

A

Mucosal Glands and cartilage

71
Q

What type of tissue is found in large bronchioles

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

72
Q

What type of tissue is found in smallest Terminal Bronchioles

A

Ciliated simple columnar or Simple Cuboidal epithelium

73
Q

What is the name of the last part of the air conducting system

A

Terminal Bronchioles

74
Q

Ciliated epithelial lining of Bronchioles begins what type of structure and name its importance

A

Mucociliary apparatus or Escalator

Importance in cleaning debris and mucus by moving it upward along the bronchial tree and trachea

75
Q

Medical Application:
What constitutes the air passage affected most often, especially in young children by the ______ ______ or ________, both which can cause Bronchiolitis.
If persistent, the inflammation produced by either infection can lead to ______ ______, complete or partial closure of the airway lumen due to _______ in the wall. Most type of Lung Cancer are _______
Involving epithelial cells lining the larger segments of Bronchi, not Bronchioles!

A 
Bronchioles 
Measles Virus
Adenovirus 
Obliterative Bronchiolitis 
Fibrosis 
Carcinomas
76
Q

Region of air:
Bronchi

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelium: Respiratory
Skeletal support: spiral bands of smooth muscle; irregular hyaline cartilage plates
Function: Repeated branching, conduct air deeper into lungs

77
Q

Region:
Bronchioles

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelium: Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar w/ Clara cells
Skeletal support: Prominent circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage
Function: Conduct air; important in bronchioconstriction and bronchodialation

78
Q

Region:
Terminal Bronchioles

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelium: Simple cuboidal, ciliated and Clara cells
Skeletal support: Thin, incomplete circular layer of smooth muscle, no cartilage
Function: conduct air to Respiratory portions of lungs; Clara cells w/ several protective functions

79
Q

Region:
Respiratory Bronchioles

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelium: Simple cuboidal, ciliated and Clara cells w/ scattered alveoli
Skeletal support: Fewer smooth muscle fibers, mostly around alveolar opening
Function: Conduct air deeper w/ come gas exchange and protective Clara cells

80
Q

Region:
Alveolar ducts and Sacs

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelum: Simple cuboidal between many alveoli
Skeletal support: Bands of smooth muscle around alveolar openings
Function: conduct air w/ much gas exchange

81
Q

Region:
Alveoli

Name: Epithelium, Muscle and Skeletal support, Function

A

Epithelium: Type I and II Alvelar cells (Pneumocytes)
Skeletal support: none (network of elastic and reticular fibers)
Function: sites of gas exchange; surfactant form type II pneumocytes; dust cells

82
Q

What type of most numerous cell is found in the Terminal Bronchioles

A

Clara Cells (cuboidal epithelial) or Exocrine bronchiolar cells

83
Q

Describe Clara cells

A

Most numerous cuboidal epithelial
Found in Terminal Bronchioles
Nonciliated, dome shaped apical ends w/secretory granules

84
Q

What is the function of Clara cells

A
  1. Secretion of surfactants (lipoproteins and mucins) in the fluid layer on the epithelial surface
  2. Detoxification of inhaled (Xenobiotic) compounds by enzymes of SER
  3. Secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines for local immune defense
85
Q

Terminal Bronchiole epithelium also contains what other type of cells

A

Small mucous cells and ciliated cels
Chemosensory Brush Cells
DNES small granule cells= those of the respiratory epithelium higher in the system

86
Q

Medical application:
________ a common condition produced by chronic inflammation within the Bronchial tree of the lung. Characterized by sudden constrictions of the smooth muscle in Bronchioles called _______ or Bronchial spasms. Constriction cause by ________ cell ________ triggered by the presence of specific antigens. ________ and other _________ drugs relax the muscle, increase the bronchiole diameter by stimulating the sympathetic NS administered during asthma attacks.

A 
Asthma 
Bronchospasms
Mast cell
Degranulation 
Epinephrine 
Sympathomimetic drugs
87
Q

Medical Application:
Obstruction of the air supply in _______ due to excess mucus or to aspirated material can lead to collapse of _______ ________ as circulating blood absorbs gases form the affected alveoli.
This condition is called _______ is normally reversible when blockage is relieved, if persistent can cause ________ and loss of ________ function.

A 
Bronchi 
Pulmonary lobules 
Atelectasis
Fibrosis 
Respiratory
88
Q

Distal ends of respiratory bronchioles branch into tubes called______ ______ that are completely lined by the openings of ________.

A

Alveolar ducts

Alveoli

89
Q

What are Alveoli lined with

A

Extremely attenuated squamous cells

90
Q

Large clusters of alveoli are called_______. The lamina propria in now extremely thin, consisting of a network of ________ and ______ ______ that encircles the alveolar openings and closely surrounds each alveolus. Also prominent in this connective tissue is a network of _______ surrounding each alveolus.

A

Alveolar Sacs
Elastic
Reticula fibers
Capillaries

91
Q

Medical application:
____ ______ ______ or adult _____ ______ syndrome can be produced by injuries to the alveolar epithelial and the _______ ________ cells. Common cause of such injuries include _______ and ____ ____ ____ ______; inhalation of toxic gases, chemicals or air with excessive oxygen.
Fat _______ in which adipocytes enter the blood during surgery, circulate and later block the capillary beds. With removal of initiating factors, normal alveolar wall components can often be restored and at least partially function restored.

A 
Diffuse alveolar damage
Respiratory distress 
Capillary endothelial 
Viral 
Bacterial Respiratory track infections
Embolism
92
Q

Define Alveoli and what are they responsible for

A

Sacklike evaginations from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.
Is the spongy structure of the lungs
Air in these structures exchanges O2 and CO2 with the blood in surrounding capillaries through thin specialized alveolar walls that enhance diffusion between the external and internal environment

93
Q

What thin structure is found between neighboring alveoli

A

Interalveolar Septa

Consisting of scattered fibroblast and sparse extracellular matrix (ECM)=elastic, reticula fibers, connective tissue

94
Q

What structure prevent both the collapse and excessive distention of alveoli?

A

Reticular Fibers

95
Q

What structure is vascularized with the richest capillary networks in the body

A

Interalveolar Septa

96
Q

Densely anasomosing pulmonary capillaries within the inter-alveolar septa are supported by the meshwork of what type of fibers. Which also provide the primary structural support of the _______.

A

Reticular and elastic fibers

Alveoli

97
Q

Air in the alveoli is separated from capillary blood by 3 components referred to collectively as the ______ ______ or ______ _______.

A

Respiratory membrane

Blood-air barrier

98
Q

Where are Alveolar pores found and its purpose

A

Penetrate the interalveolar septa and connect neighboring alveoli tats open to different bronchioles.
Pores equalize air pressure in these alveoli and permit collateral circulation of air when bronchiole is obstructed.

99
Q

02 form the alveolar air diffuses through and binds to what

A

O2 diffuses though the blood-air barrier into the capillary blood and binds Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes

100
Q

C02 diffuses into the alveolar air form what

A

Pulmonary blood
Most of C02 arrives in the lungs as part of H2C03 inside erythrocytes and is liberated through the action of carbonic anhydrase

101
Q

Capillary endothelial cells are extremely _______ but continuous and not _________.

A

Thin

Fee started

102
Q

Name the extremely attenuated cells that line the alveolar surfaces? And what is it responsible for?

A

Type I alveolar cells or Type I Pneumocytes

It maintains the alveolar side of the blood air barrier and cover 95% of the alveolar surface
All Type I cells have occluding junctions that prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar air space.

103
Q

What are Pinocytotic vesicles in the attenuated cytoplasm responsible for?

A

Turnover of surfactants and the removal of small particulate contaminants from the outer surface.

104
Q

What are Type II alveolar cells also known as ?

A

Known as Type II Pneumocytes or septal cells
Cuboidal cells that bulge into the air space, interspersed and bound to Type I cells with occluding junctions and desmosomes
Occur in group of 2 or 3 at points where 2 or more alveolar was so unite

105
Q

Type II cells divide to replace their own population after injury and to provide _____ _____ for the Type I cell population.

A

Progenitor cells

106
Q

Lamellar bodies can be considered markers for What type of Cells

A

Type II cells

107
Q

What are the critical components of the surfactant layer produced by Type II alveolar cells

A

Phospolipid Dipalmitouylphosphatyldylcholine (DPPC)
Cholesterol
Four surfactant proteins

108
Q

What are the 4 surfactant proteins

A
  1. Surfactant protein A (SP-A)=hydrophilic glycoprotein
  2. SP-D are important for innate immune protection within the lungs
  3. SP-B and SP-C are required fo rite maturation of DPPC and its proper orientation in the surface film inside the alveolus
109
Q

Medical Application:
What is know to be the leading causes of death in premature babies, due to incomplete differentiation of type II alveolar cells and resulting deficit of _______ and difficulty in expanding the alveoli in breathing.
Treatment involves insertion of ______ _____ to provide both ____ ____ ____ _____ (CPAR) and ____ ____ either synthesized chemically of purified from lungs of cattle.

A

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Surfactant
Endotracheal tube
Continuous positive airway pressure

110
Q

Alveolar macrophages are also called

Where are they found

A

Dust cells

Alveoli and in the interalveolar septum

111
Q

How can active macrophages in alveoli be distinguished from Type II Pneumocytes

A

They are slightly darker due to their content fo dust and carbon from air and complexed iron (hemosiderin) from erythrocytes.

112
Q

Bronchoalveolar fluid is considered what and why

A

Bacteriostatic - it contains lysozyme and other protective agents produced by Clara Cells, Type II alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages.

113
Q

Medical Application:
In congestive heart failure, the lungs become congested with _______ and ______ pass into the alveoli, where they are phagocytized by alveolar macrophages.
In such cases these macrophages are called ______ _____ _____ when present in the lungs and septum; they are identified by _____ _____ _____ for iron pigment (hemosiderin).

A

Blood
Erythrocytes
Heart failure cells
Positive histochemical reaction

114
Q

Inhalation of toxic gases or similar materials can kill ____ ____ and _____ cells lining pulmonary alveoli. Death of the first cells results in increased ____ ____ in the remaining ____ ____ cells.

A

Type I
Type II cells
Mitotic activity
Type II

115
Q

The normal turnover rate for Type II cells is estimated at ___ % per day and results in a continuous renewal of both alveolar cells.

A

1 %

116
Q

With increased toxic stress, some _____ _____ can also be stimulated to divide and give rise to alveolar cells

A

Clara Cells

117
Q

Blood circulation in the lungs includes what ?

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation=carrying O2 depleted blood for gas exchange
  2. Bronchial circulation= carrying systemic, nutrient rich blood.
118
Q

Where can Bronchial veins occur ?

A

Only in the and around the Hilum

119
Q

Where do lymphatic vessels originate?

A

Lymphatic vessels originate in the connective tissue of bronchioles, following the Bronchioles, bronchi and pulmonary vessels.

They drain into lymph nodes in the region of the hilum.

120
Q

Where are Lymphatic vessels not found in the lungs?

A

Lymphatic vessels are not found in the Terminal portions of the bronchial tree beyond the alveolar ducts.

121
Q

What innervates the lungs and controls reflexes regulating smooth muscle contractions which determine the diameter of the airways.

A

Both Parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic fibers

122
Q

Where are nerves primarily found in the lungs

A

Nerves are primarily found in the connective tissue surrounding the large elements fo the bronchial tree and exit the lung at the hilum.

123
Q

What covers the surface of the lungs outer surface and the internal wall of the thoracic cavity ?

A

Covered by serous membrane called Pleura

124
Q

Name the 3 layers of Pleura of the lung

A
  1. Parietal pleura (most outer)
  2. Pleural cavity ( space between Parietal and visceral)
  3. Visceral pleura (inner most layer)
125
Q

Membrane attached to the lung tissue is called what

A

Visceral Pleura

126
Q

Membrane lining the Thoracic cavity/wall is known as ?

A

Parietal pleura

127
Q

What type of tissue are both Visceral and Parietal pleura composed of ?

A

Simple squamous mesothelial cells on a thin connective tissue layer containing collagen and elastic fibers.

128
Q

Where is the neural Pleural cavity found in the lungs and what type of tissue is it lined with?

A

Pleural cavity is found between Parietal and Visceral layers.
It is entirely lined with mesothelial cells that normally produce a thin film or serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.

Also facilitating the smooth sliding of one surface over the other during respiration movements

129
Q

The serosa of the pleural cavity is _____ ______ and fluid exude from blood plasma commonly accumulates (as a pleural effusion) in this cavity during inflammation and other abnormal conditions.

A

Water-Permeable

130
Q

Medical application:
Condition _________ is partially or completely _______ ______ caused by air trapped in the pleural cavity, resulting from blunt or penetration trauma to the chest and producing shortness of breath and _______.
Inflammation of the pleura is called ______ or _____, most commonly caused by an acute viral infection or _______. _____ _____ or fluid buildup in the pleural cavity produces shortness of breath and can be one result of inflamed pleura.

A 
Pneumothorax
Collapsed Lung
Hypoxia
Pleuritis
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Pleural effusion
131
Q

During inhalation, contraction of ______ ______ elevates the ribs and contraction of the _______ lowers the bottom of the thoracic cavity, increasing its diameter and resulting in ______ _______.

A

Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Pulmonary expansion

132
Q

What happens to bronchi and bronchioles during inhalation

A

Both increase in diameter and length

133
Q

Medical application:
Lung cancer is one of the most common forms of this disease ___ _____ ______. Which is closely correlated with a history of smoking, arises most often from epithelial cells of ______ ______.
____ most common lung cancer in non smokers, usually arises form Epithelial cells more peripherally , in Bronchioles & alveoli. ____ ____ ____, a less common but highly Malignant form of lung cancer, develops after ____ _____ of small _____ _____ cells in bronchial respiratory epithelium.

A 
Squamous cell carcinoma 
Segmental bronchi 
Adenocarcinoma
Small cell carcinoma 
Neoplastic transformation 
Granule Kulchitsky cells
134
Q

The wall fo each alveolus consists of 2 cell types?

A

Extremely thin Type I alveolar cells (Pneumocytes)

Cuboidal Type II alveolar cells with Surfactants secreting and innate immune properties

135
Q

Type II alveolar cells are characterized by

A

Characterized ultrastructurally by unique Cytoplasmic Lamellar Bodies, large granules with closely stacked layers of membrane involved in surfactant synthesis

136
Q

Blood air barrier allowing gas exchange at each alveolus consists of what

A

Thin Type I alveolar cell
Thin capillary endothelial cells
Fused basal laminate of these two cells

137
Q

What is the surfactant material secreted by in the lungs and what does it form?

A

Surfactant material secreted by Clara Cells and Type II alveolar cells.
Forming an oily mixture of Phospholipids and surfactant proteins which form a film and lowers surface tension in alveoli.

138
Q

Each lung is covered by what ?

What type of tissue

A

Visceral Pleura
A layer of thin connective tissue and mesothelium and is continuous with Parietal Pleura, a similar tissue layer that lines the pleural cavity.

sum: histology 1 (5 decks)

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