Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Earth 122 > Chapter 11: Water > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Water Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the Earth’s water is freshwater?

A

2.5% (most is in glaciers, ice caps)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much of the earth’s freshwater is on the surface? ground water? ice caps and glaciers?

A

surface- 1%
groundwater- 20%
frozen- 80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a tributary?

A

A smaller river flowing into a larger one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a watershed?

A

A watershed is an area of land drained by a river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of flow would a river which flows slow and parallel be called?

A

Laminar flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a turbulent flow?

A

A turbulent flow is when a river’s streamlines are intertwined, mixed. Much erosion takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is most stream flow laminar or turbulent?

A

Turbulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What features determine a stream’s velocity?

A

Gradient \, roughness& size, discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a hydrograph used for?

A

A hydrograph records the fluctuations in stream height over time (discharge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the discharge of a stream? How is it mathematically measured?

A

Discharge is the volume of water in a stream moving past a point in a time interval
Q[discharge] = V[velocity]*A[cross sectional area]
[length^3 per unit time]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a suspended load?

A

A suspended load regards the transport of solid material through streams that is kept suspended by fluid turbulence, clay and silt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the bed load?

A

Solid material near bottom of river flow, sand and graval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the saltation load?

A

Switched from bed to suspended, bouncing/skipping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the competence of a stream refer to?

A

The competence of a stream is the maximum sized of particles that a stream can carry(higher velocity, greater competence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the capacity of a stream?

A

The capacity refers to the TOTAL load a stream can carry (dependent on discharge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define oxbow and oxbow lake

A

An oxbow is an extreme bend in a river, an oxbow lake is when part of the river is bent to the extent that the region becomes cut off and remains as an isolatated, U-shapes body of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a floodplain?

A

a floodplain is the shallow area neared to a rivers course that are periodically flooded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a riparian zone?

A

A riparian zone is a riverside area that is productive and species-rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do we call ecosystems that combine elements of both freshwater and dry lands?

A

Wetlands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a swamp?

A

A shallow area of water that occurs in forested areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a bog?

A

A bog is a pond covered in /thick/ floating mats of vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a freshwater marsh?

A

A freshwater marsh is an area of shallow water that allows plants to grow above surface water

23
Q

Why are wetlands valuable?

A

wetlands slow runoff which in turn reduces flooding, recharged aquifers, and filters pollutants

24
Q

[LAKE/PONDS] Littoral zone

A

The region that rings the edge of a water body

25
Q

What are the three types of wetlands?

A

Swamp, bogs, and freshwater marshes

26
Q

[LAKES/PONDS]Benthic zone

A

Region extending along the entire BOTTOM of water body [benthic B–.bottom]

27
Q

[LAKES/PONDS] Limnetic zone

A

The open portions of a water body where sunlight penetrates the shallow waters

28
Q

[LAKES/PONDS] Profundal zone

A

Portion of a water body where sunlight does NOT reach

29
Q

What zone of a water body supports the fewest animals?

A

Profundal zone, no sunlight

30
Q

What kind of lakes have LOW nutrient and HIGH oxygen conditions?

A

Oligotrophic

31
Q

What kind of conditions would you expect from a Eutrophic Lake?

A

HIGH nutrient and LOW oxygen

32
Q

What are inlands seas?

A

LARGE lakes (great lakes)

33
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

An aquifer is a formation of rock/sand/gravel that holds groundwater

34
Q

What is a zone of aeration?

A

A space in groundwater that is PARTIALLY filled with water

35
Q

What is a zone of saturation?

A

A space in groundwater that is COMPLETELY filled with water

36
Q

What is a watertable?

A

A water table occurs when ground water reaches the surface, creating a thin layer of water

37
Q

What is the average age of ground water?

A

1400 yrs

38
Q

Aquitard

A

zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another

39
Q

What is consumptive use of water and what are some examples?”

A

When water is removed from an aquifer/water body and is not returned. {agricultural irrigation, residential use{

40
Q

What is an example of non consumptive use of water?

A

Electricity generated by hydroelectric dams

41
Q

What are dikes/leevees?

A

Long , raised mounds of earth that control flooding

42
Q

How many times has the winnipeg floodway saved the city?

A

18 times

43
Q

What is water mining?

A

withdrawing water faster than it can be replenished

44
Q

What does it mean to distill water?

A

To hasten evaporation and condese vapor

45
Q

What is reverse osmosis with regards to water desalinization?

A

this forces water through membranes to filter out salt

46
Q

What is xeriscaping

A

Landscaping using plants adapted to DRY environment

47
Q

Eutrophication

A

excess of nutrients, can lead to nutrient pollution

48
Q

What are biological indicators of water quality?

A

fecal bacteria, disease causing organisms

49
Q

chemical indicators of water quality?

A

pH, odor, nutrient and chemical concentration

50
Q

physical indicators of water quality?

A

turbidity, color, temperature

51
Q

what was the 2000 walkerton tragedy?

A

Ecoli outbreak in drinking water, 7 dead, 2000 ill

52
Q

What is hard water?

A

Water containing greater than 80 to 100 ppm of calcium and magnesium

53
Q

What is the primary and secondary treatment of wastewater?

A

primary- physical removal of contaminants

secondary - water is stirred and aerated so aerobic bacteria can degrade pollutants(water treated with chlorine)

Earth 122 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions