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Epidemiology > Global patterns of disease - cancer > Flashcards

Global patterns of disease - cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three classifications of disease?

A
  • communicable
  • non-communicable
  • injuries
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2
Q

What is demographic transition?

A

From high birth rate and death rate to low

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3
Q

Describe epidemiological transition

A

Decline in mortality and infectious disease, and an increase in non communicable diseases and chronic conditions. Socio-demographic, cultural, environmental and health system changes occurring. Some diseases disappear and others re-emerge. Control of previous infectious disease but new ones emerge. Infectious diseases are replaced by degenerative and man-made ones.

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4
Q

What are the leading causes of global death and premature death (2012, non-infectious)?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Stroke
  • COPD
  • Lower respiratory infections
  • Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Diarrhoeal disease
  • Diabetes
  • Road Injury
  • Hypertensive heart disease
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5
Q

What are the leading causes of global death and premature death (2000, non-infectious)?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Lower respiratory infections
  • COPD
  • Diarrhoeal diseases
  • HIV/AIDS
  • TB
  • Preterm birth complications
  • Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers
  • Diabetes
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6
Q

What are epitransitions?

A

Disease patterns that change from being infectious to chronic and are driven by environment, diet and age

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7
Q

How many deaths occurred from cancer in 2012 and what was the incidence worldwide?

A

8 million

14 million - incidence

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8
Q

Which cancer are men and women at greater risk of?

A

men - prostate and lung

women - breast and cervical

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9
Q

Which cancers have the highest mortality in low income countries?

A

breast and cervical

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10
Q

In middle income countries, which cancer has highest incidence?

A

Breast

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11
Q

In middle income countries, which cancer has highest mortality?

A

Lung

Breast is 4th

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12
Q

Which cancer shows the lowest incidence and mortality in middle income countries?

A

Colorectal

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13
Q

Which cancers have the highest incidence in high income countries?

A

Breast, colorectal, lungs

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14
Q

Which cancer has the higher mortality rates in high income compared to low income countries?

A

Colorectal

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of premature cancer death in males?

A

Lung cancer

in West Indies, highest for liver cancer

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of premature cancer death in females?

A

Lung cancer (Europe, America, Canada and China). Elsewhere it is breast/cervical cancer

17
Q

Why are the rates of breast cancer reducing?

A

due to screening and reduced use of hormone therapy

18
Q

Why has stomach cancer rates reduced a lot since 1950?

A

Shown that decreased salt use and use of refrigeration (stopping contamination), reduced risk of cancer

19
Q

What are some preventable cancer risk factors?

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • unsafe sex
  • obesity
  • contaminated injections
  • air pollutants
  • Smoke from coal
  • low intake of fruit/veg
  • physical inactivity
20
Q

What are some agents related to cancer deaths?

A
  • Hepatitis (liver)
  • H. Pylori (stomach)
  • HPV (cervical/oral/pharyngeal)
  • EBV (lymphomas)
21
Q

What are the main carcinogens?

A
  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol
  • Air pollution
  • Occupational Agents
  • Fungus (Aspergillus)
22
Q

In 2008, how many cancer deaths were due to infection (developed and developing countries)?

A

8% - developed countries

27% - developing countries

23
Q

What are the three most commonly diagnosed cancers?

A

lung, breast and colorectal

24
Q

What are the three cancers causing the most cancer deaths?

A

lung, liver and stomach

25
Q

What fraction of cancers are preventable by lifestyle modification?
What is the biggest preventable cause of cancer?

A

1/3

smoking

26
Q

In low income countries, which cancer has the highest incidence?

A

cervical/breast

27
Q

In high income countries, which cancer has the highest mortality?

A

lung

Epidemiology (17 decks)

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