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Anatomy 102 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q 
Which one is part of the upper respiratory tract
A. Lung
B. trachea
C. Bronchi
D. Pharynx
A

D. Pharynx

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2
Q

The internal nares will open into the

A

Nasopharynx

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3
Q

The olfactory nerve pass through openings in the

A

Cribriform plate

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4
Q

Most of the respiratory passage surface is lined with

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

The entrance into the system is covered with stratified squamous epithelium which is followed by pseudo stratified epithelium

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5
Q

The tissue lining the alveoli is

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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6
Q

How many alveoli are there in an average adult lung

A

300,000,000

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7
Q

Gas is exchanged in the alveoli by a process of

A

Simple diffusion

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8
Q

What is the entrance to the lung called

A

Hilus

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9
Q

The pleura cavity is the space between the lung and

A

Parietal pleura

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10
Q 
Which of these is not a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
A. Emphysema 
B. asthma
C lung cancer
D. Bronchitis
A

C lung cancer

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11
Q

What mechanism prevents over inflation of the lungs

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperventilation?

A

Anxiety

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13
Q

What is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere

A

Nitrogen

The air is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and .04% carbon dioxide

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14
Q

What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen?

A

160 mm Hg

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15
Q

What is the normal PCO2 of the capillary blood?

A

45 mm Hg

The partial pressure of capillary carbon dioxide is 45 mmHg which is greater than the 40 mm Hg in the alveolar air allowing CO2 to leave the blood

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16
Q

Which on is not a function of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity
A. Warms incoming air
B. filters particles from incoming air
C. Moistens incoming air
D. Initial gas between air and blood occurs here

A

D. Initial gas exchange between air and blood occurs here is False

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17
Q

The ? Cartilage marks the lowermost portion of the larynx

A

Cricoid

The cricoid cartilage is the inferiormost cartilage of the larynx

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18
Q

Where are the true vocal cords located?

A

Inferior to the false vocal cords

The saying false over true supports this

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19
Q

Thin walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts of the lungs are

A

Alveolar sacs

Alveolar sacs are thin-walled structures of the respiratory zone

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20
Q

The primary force responsible for air moving into the lungs during inhalation is

A

Atmospheric pressure

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21
Q 
Which is not a function of the mucous lining of the respiratory Tract
A. Warms incoming air
B. contains microvilli 
C. Contains cilia
D. Cleanses particles
A

B. Contains microvilli

Microvilli are cell extensions found in the gastrointestinal tract. Cilia move in a wavelike manner to remove foreign particles in the respiratory tract

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22
Q 
Which one does not contain a sinus
A. Frontal bone
B. ethmoid
C. Zygomatic bone 
D. Sphenoid bone
A

Zygomatic bone

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23
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located

A

Oropharynx

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24
Q

The true vocal cords move because they are attached to the

A

Artyetoid cartilage

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25
Q

C-shaped pieces of cartilage are found within the

A

Trachea

The trachea or windpipe contains C shaped pieces of cartilage which allow the soft trachea to remain open

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26
Q

The carina separates the ? From each other

A

Primary bronchi

The carina is an area of cartilage which separates the openings of the two primary bronchi

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27
Q

There are how many secondary bronchi

A

5

There are 2 secondary bronchi on the left and 3 on the right

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28
Q

The bronchioles enter the ? Of the lungs

A

Lobules

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29
Q

The functional gas exchanging units are called

A

Alveoli

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30
Q

The relative amount of smooth muscle is highest in the

A

Bronchioles

The bronchioles have lost their cartilage and become mainly comprised of smooth muscle which causes them to collapse during the spasms of asthma

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31
Q

The main function of the pleural membranes is to

A

Reduce friction

The pleural membranes are serous and slippery and allow the lungs to slide during breathing with out damage from friction rubs

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32
Q

Atmospheric pressure is

A

760 mm Hg

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere or 760 torr

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33
Q

The movement of air within the respiratory system is termed

A

Ventilation

Ventilation is the movement of air throughout a duct system while respiration is the exchange of gases, breathing includes the mechanical events involved

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34
Q

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation

A

Surfactant

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35
Q

The main force causing the exhalation of air is the

A

Elastic recoil

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36
Q

During inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure reaches

A

758 mmHg

During inspiration the thorax expands and the intra-pulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric, this negative pressure causes air to enter the lungs

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37
Q

A pneumothorax occurs when the thoracic pleural pressure reaches around ? MmHg

A

760 mm Hg

A pneumothorax occurs whenever the pleural pressure reaches atmospheric, causing the lung to collapse, this may result from injury or disease

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38
Q

The ? Muscle can cause a forced exhalation

A

Internal intercostal

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39
Q

The amount of air that enters the lung during normal, restful breathing is called

A

Tidal volume

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40
Q

The amount of air that cannot be expelled is the

A

Residual volume

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41
Q

The total mount of air that cannot be exchanged either because of disease or because it cannot reach an exchange site is

A

Physiological dead space

The physiological dead space is the sum of the anatomic and alveolar dead space volumes

42
Q

The condition characterized by alveolar fibrosis with difficultly exhaling is

A

Emphysema

43
Q

The condition characterized by difficulty breathing due to an allergic response is

A

Bronchial asthma

44
Q

Non-respiratory movements are most easily triggered by stimuli in which area?

A

Larynx

The distal parts of the lower respiratory tract lack the type of nerve supply than can act as a stimulus pathway to elicit a cough

45
Q

What reflex involves a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm

A

Hiccup

A hiccup is a sudden spastic contraction of the diaphragm and results Ina sound of air striking the vocal cords

46
Q

What reflex is caused by local alveolar decreases in oxygen content

A

Yawn

47
Q

Breathing is controlled mainly by the

A

Medulla oblongata

48
Q

What area exerts its effect on the primary breathing control area

A

Pneumotaxic area of the pons

The most primary or vital centers for breathing are located within the medulla, the pons acts as an accessory center to modify the rate of medullary breathing impulses

49
Q 
Which one favors an increase in breathing rate
A. Increased blood oxygen
B. increased blood carbon dioxide
C. Increased pH
D. Decreased acidity
A

B. increased blood carbon dioxide

50
Q

What is the normal PO2 of the alveolar air

A

104 mm Hg

The PO2 of the alveolar air is 104 mm Hg while the capillary blood is 40 mmHg, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood

51
Q

Where is the highest amount of carbon dioxide found

A

The arteries entering the lung

52
Q

What condition is characterized by inflammation and infection involving the alveoli

A

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung alveoli that usually is caused by a bacterium such as streptococcus

53
Q

Most of the oxygen in the blood is found in the

A

Hemoglobin

54
Q

At high PO2 levels, where is most oxygen located

A

Oxyhemoglobin

The ability of the heme of the hemoglobin to transport oxygen is based on physical laws of pressure and attraction

55
Q

What factor favors the release of oxygen. From hemoglobin

A

Decreased pH

Hemoglobin will release its oxygen faster under conditions of increased acidity, higher temperatures and carbon dioxide, it is most saturated when the blood is more alkaline

56
Q

What has the highest affinity for hemoglobin

A

CO

Carbon monoxide completes with oxygen causing carboxyhemoglobin to form

57
Q

How is most carbon dioxide transported

A

As bicarbonate

58
Q

The most important factor that allows the blood to carry carbon dioxide in high amounts is

A

Carbonic anhydrase

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in erythrocytes that increase the chemical conversion of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate

59
Q

The exchange of gases between blood and the cells of the body in called

A

Internal respiration

Internal respiration occurs between blood and tissues

60
Q

The lipoprotein known as ? Reduces surface tension within the alveoli so they do not collapse during exhalation

A

Surfactant

Type II alveolar cells produce surfactant

61
Q

The force of exhalation is primarily due to

A

Elastic recoil of lung tissue

Recoil in the lungs causes the volume of the thoracic cage to decrease thus increasing pressure and forcing air out.

62
Q

Even after the most forceful exhalation, a certain volume of air remains in the lungs. This volume is called

A

Look it up

63
Q

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the

A

Vital capacity

64
Q

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is the

A

Vital capacity

The VC is the maximum amount of air the lungs can move

65
Q

The basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by which portion of the brain

A

Dorsal respiratory group of the medullary rhythmicity center

The DRG is the main controller of breathing

66
Q

The respiratory membrane, across which gasses diffuse, is very thin and is made up of

A

Alveolar cell membrane, capillary membrane, and fused basement membranes

67
Q

The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood is dependent upon

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs and in the blood

According to Henry’s law, partial pressure differences determine gas movements

68
Q

What is the first structure in this respiratory sequence

A

Pharynx

The pharynx, or throat, is the most superior structure in the sequence

69
Q

Which structures play the greatest role in warming and humidifying air

A

Conchae

The turbulence provided by the conchae, along with their surface area, provides great warming capabilities

70
Q

The area directly superior to the soft palate is the

A

Nasopharynx

71
Q

Which passageway serves as a common route for food for food or air

A

Oropharynx

The orpharynx communicates with both the nasal and oral cavities

72
Q

What is the opening to the larynx called

A

Glottis

The glottis is the opening to the airways

73
Q

What is the Adam’s apple directly part of

A

Thyroid cartilage

An anterior fold in the thyroid cartilage is known as the “Adam’s apple”

74
Q

Which part of the bronchial tree has the greatest relative percentage of smooth muscle fibers

A

Bronchioles

Bronchi are mostly cartilage, alveoli are only epithelium, but bronchioles have smooth muscle

75
Q

The only structures that allow gas diffusion across them are the

A

Alveoli

Only the walls of alveoli are thin enough for gas exchange

76
Q

The space between the two lungs is called

A

Mediastinum

The heart, esophagus and trachea are located in the mediastinum

77
Q

What is the most powerful stimuli for breathing

A

Low pH and high carbon dioxide

Central chemoreceptors will trigger breathing increases if acid and or CO2 are high

78
Q

During inspiration the diaphragm moves upward while the thorax expands and moves outward
T or F

A

False

During inhalation the diaphragm contracts and moves downward causing the thorax to increase and the abdomen to decrease in size

79
Q

When the diaphragm contracts, the pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases
T or F

A

True

While the diaphragm contracts the pressure with in the thoracic cavity falls because of the larger space and is now below atmospheric

80
Q

The compliance of the lung increases as the lung expands

T or F

A

False

Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand as a result of pressure changes, the compliance decreases with inhalation because it becomes increasingly difficult to expand an expanded lung even further

81
Q

The anatomical dead space represents the air that is trapped in the alveoli and is around 150 mL
T or F

A

False

The anatomical dead space represents the amount of air that does not come in contact with the alveoli but remains in the passages

82
Q

The alveolar dead space is e volume of air that cannot cross the alveoli because of a disease process
T or F

A

True

The alveolar dead space is the amount of air that cannot functionally cross the alveoli for exchange because of changes such as poor capillary blood flow.

83
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma is a lung cancer that has spread or metastasized from some outside organ
T or F

A

False

Bronchogenic carcinoma begins in the epithelial lining of the bronchial tree

84
Q

The alveolar ventilation is usually less than the minute respiratory volume
T or F

A

True

The alveolar ventilation rate is the breathing rate per minute times the tidal volume minus the physiologic dead space, in a male this is around 4,200mL per minute in comparison to 6,000mL per minute which is the average minute respiratory volum

85
Q

There are chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies which are very sensitive to fluctuations in the levels of blood oxygen
T or F

A

False

Oxygen is a vital gas required for cells but the body is least able to detect it directly, but instead relies on reflexes associated with pH or CO2, the direct response to low oxygen levels is weak

86
Q

Decreasing blood oxygen and increasing carbon dioxide cause major increases seen in breathing rate during strenuous exercise
T or F

A

False

Studies now indicated that the stretch reflexes mediated by proprioceptors in the joints and muscles may have a greater effect on increasing heart rate than blood parameters

87
Q

Hyperventilation causes its symptoms mainly because it results in respiratory acidosis
T or F

A

False

Hyperventilation causes the excess elimination of carbon dioxide and H+, therefore raising the pH, alkalosis than causes CNS changes such as dizziness

88
Q

The respiratory membrane is the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli
T or F

A

False

The respiratory membrane is a combination of the alveolar membrane and the capillary membrane in contact with it

89
Q

There are phagocytic cells within the lungs that move among the alveoli to remove foreign particles
T or F

A

True

The alveolar macrophages are able to move through the pores in the alveoli and are part of the reticuloendothial system

90
Q

If the alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide was 45 mm Hg, carbon dioxide would not readily diffuse into the air
T or F

A

True

The movement of gases depends upon the simple laws of diffusion, the capillary PCO2 is usually 45mm Hg so there would be no net movement in is case

91
Q

The PO2 in the pulmonary veins is less than the PO2 in the alveolar air
T or F

A

True

The alveolar PO2 is 104 mm Hg while the pulmonary blood that leaves the lung, in the pulmonary veins, has a PO2 off 100 mm Hg

92
Q

Retrolental fibroplasia develops in an infant who does not have sufficient blood oxygen
T or F

A

False
RLF may develope and cause blindness in infants who have been exposed to excess oxygen or hyperopia conditions, because of retinal capillary damage from the oxygen

93
Q

ARDS is a condition of lung collapse or atelectasis in a newborn
T or F

A

False

Atelectasis can occur in the infant respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS is the adult respiratory syndrome RDS

94
Q

At high altitudes it is difficult to breathe because the air has a lower percent of oxygen
T or F

A

False

At high altitudes, the percent of oxygen may remain the same but there is a lower effective pressure because the atmospheric pressure and therefore the partial pressure is less than 160 mm Hg

95
Q

Oxygen dissociates faster from hemoglobin during exercise

T or F

A

True

Hemoglobin releases its oxygen faster under conditions of acidity such as those generated during skeletal muscle contraction, the purpose is to increase muscle oxygen

96
Q

Carbon dioxide and oxygen compete for binding sites with the hemoglobin
T or F

A

False

Carbon dioxide is transported on the NH2 of the globin as carboaminohemoglobin and oxygen is independently carried on the iron

97
Q

When swallowing, the soft palate would have to move downward in order to prevent food from entering the lungs
T or F

A

False

The soft palate moves upward to block the nasal cavity

98
Q

In order to maintain homeostatis, chloride ions follow as bicarbonate moves out of the erythrocytes
T or F

A

False

In the chloride shift, Cl- ions are exchanges for HCO3- in order to maintain a state of electrical balance (electrophysiologic homeostatis)

99
Q

The main purpose for cellular oxygen is to provide a means of producing most of the cell energy
T or F

A

True

Oxygen is used in many metabolic steps to result in energy, including the citric acid cycle only a small amount of energy can be obtained anaerobically by human cells

100
Q

The smooth muscle within the vocal coeds allow them to change their tension for vocalization
T or F

A

False

The muscles of the vocal cords are skeletal muscles

101
Q

The trachea contains rings of cartilage that surround the windpipe to keep it rigid
T or F

A

False

The tracheal rings are incomplete witch allow flexibility.

Anatomy 102 (12 decks)

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