A2 Objectives

Question 1

What did Aristotle contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 1

Wrote about sleep, dreams and the senses

Question 2

What did Descartes contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 2

Interactive dualism; the mind and body are separate entities that interact producing sensations, emotions and other conscious experiences.

Question 3

What did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 3

The human brain was studied in relation to behavior.

Question 4

What did Wundt contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 4

Author of The principles of psychology; promoted psychology as a distinctive science and opened the first psychological research lab.

Question 5

What did Tichner contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 5

Structuralism; complex conscious experiences can be broken down into components of sensations and feelings.

Question 6

Introspection

Answer 6

Structuralism; exposed subjects to stimuli and had them reconstruct feelings and sensations experiences directly after exposure.

Question 7

What did James contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 7

Evolutionary theories; stressed the importance of adapting to environmental changes

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

James; the importance of how behavior functions to allow for adaptation

Question 9

What did Freud contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 9

Developed psychoanalysis; talk therapy, focused on unconscious causes of behavior.

Question 10

What did Watson contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 10

Advocate of behaviorism; author of behaviorism 1942

Question 11

What did Pavlov contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 11

Developed behaviorism.

Classical Conditioning: using dogs he demonstrated how a response to neutral stimuli can be conditioned.

Question 12

What did Skinner contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 12

Behaviorist; he demonstrated operant conditioning, which used reinforcement and punishment to shape behaviors.

Question 13

What did Maslow contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 13

Humanist; developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth.

Question 14

What did Rogers contribute to the emergence of psychology?

Answer 14

Founder of Humanistic Psychology; emphasized conscious experiences, the potential for psychological growth and self-direction.

Question 15

Biological Psychology

Answer 15

Emphasizes thy physical basis of human and animal behaviors (neuroscience)

Question 16

Psychodynamic Psychology

Answer 16

Emphasizes the importance of the unconscious, early life experiences and interpersonal relationships in explaining behavior and providing treatments.

Question 17

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 17

Focuses on the role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, solve problems and develop language and thought processes.

Question 18

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Answer 18

Examines how cultural factors influence patterns of behaviors

Question 19

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 19

The application of principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena

Question 20

Positive Psychology

Answer 20

Emphasizes the research of conditions that foster positive psychological states instead of focusing on disorders