Chapter 7

Question 1

Steps in memory processing

Answer 1

encoding
- encodes sensory info into a neural code that can be understood and used

storage
- storing the data into the brain

retrieval
- able to take the data out of storage

Question 2

Three stage memory model

Answer 2

memory model that suggests that memory storage requires passage of info through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory)

Question 3

The first type of memory we get when we see/hear/touch/taste/smell

Answer 3

sensory memory

• the initial memory stage
• holds sensory info
• large capacity
• duration is only a few seconds

Question 4

echoic memory

Answer 4

aka iconic memory for visual

echoic memory is for auditory stimuli

are types of sensory memory

only last a few secounds
- lower brain decides if info is important enough to promote to conscious awareness

Question 5

the second memory stage

Answer 5

short term memory

Question 6

capacity of short term memory

Answer 6

five to nine items

Question 7

duration of short term memory

Answer 7

about 30 seconds

Question 8

Way to extend capacity of STM

Answer 8

chunking

- grouping info based on similarity or some other organizing principle

Question 9

Memory with the longest duration

Answer 9

long term memory
- third stage of memory
- capacity is limitless
duration is relatively permanent

Question 10

a subsystem within LTM that consciously stores facts, info, and personal life experiences

Answer 10

explicit/declarative memory

Question 11

a subsystem within LTM that stores general knowledge

Answer 11

semantic memory

• a mental encyclopedia or dictionary
• are part of the explicit/declarative memory

Question 12

a subsystem of LTM that stores autobiographical events and the contexts in which they occurred

Answer 12

episodic memory

• a mental diary of a person’s life
• are part of the explicit/declarative memory

Question 13

a subsystem within LTM that unconsciously stores procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses

Answer 13

implicit/nondeclarative memory

• unintentional learning or unconscious knowledge
• includes procedural motor skills like tying your shoes or riding a bike
• classically conditioned emotional responses include fears and prejudices
• priming = early exposure

Question 14

a strategy or device that uses familiar info during the encoding of new info to enhance subsequent access to the info in memory

Answer 14

mnemonic

Question 15

Types of retrieval cues

Answer 15

specific cues
- only need you to recognize the correct response

general cues
- need you to recall previously learned material by searching through all possible matches in LTM = more difficult

Question 16

a drunk person remembers their action during the time they were intoxicated previously

example of…

Answer 16

state dependent retrieval

Question 17

people remember words on a list with some words remembered better than others depending on their location on the list

example of…

Answer 17

serial position effect

- memory retrivial in which info at beginning and end of a series are remembered better than material in the middle

Question 18

memory error caused by forgetting the true origins of a memory

Answer 18

source amnesia

Question 19

a long lasting increase in neural excitability which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory

Answer 19

long term potentiation

- repeated practice of tennis builds specific neural pathways to make it easier for you to play tennis

Question 20

a recall of vivid detailed and near-permanent images associated with surprising or strongly emotional events

Answer 20

flashbulb memory

- may or may not be accurate

Question 21

anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

Answer 21

retrograde amnesia
- loss of memory before a brain injury

anterograde amnesia
- not able to make new memories after a brain injury