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Government > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

States are

A

Laboratories of democracy

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2
Q

Laboratories of democracy

A

Each state has the flexibility under the reserved powers of the U.S. Constitution to experiment

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3
Q

Article 4

A

Requirements to become a state, republican form of government, statehood granted by act of Congress, no provision for states to leave union,

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4
Q

State constitutions

A

Different and unique as each state

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5
Q

Number of words in state constitutions

A

Ranges from 8200 and Vermont to over 357,000 in Alabama

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6
Q

State governments gives details about

A

The restrictions and how state government operates

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7
Q

Excessive details in state constitutions tend to make

A

States less adaptable to changing condition, amended more, but is easier to amend

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8
Q

Unlike the US Constitution some state constitutions allow

A

Direct lawmaking by their citizens direct democracy

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9
Q

State constitutions 5 factors

A

Defined structure, allocate authority, relationship between people and state government, method to amend, unique provisions

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10
Q

Methods to amend

A

Initiative and referendum

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11
Q

Initiative

A

People can initiate amendment of state constitution

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12
Q

Referendum

A

Legislature can refer an amendment of state constitution but rarely amends a statue

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13
Q

Types of state executive branches

A

Strong executive,Weak strong executive, weak executive, weakest executive

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14
Q

Strong executive

A

A governor and then his departments headed by individuals he appointed

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15
Q

Weaker strong executive

A

Governor and then miscellaneous executives, few states do this including Montana

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16
Q

Weak executive

A

Governor, miscellaneous executives, board/commissions

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17
Q

Weakest executive

A

Government and her lieutenant governor, miscellaneous executive, board and commission multiple of them

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18
Q

Executive branch in Montana

A

Governor, attorney general, auditor and commissioner on insurance, Secretary of State, superintendent of public instruction, public service commission

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19
Q

Each state decides how much power do vest in the

A

Governor

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20
Q

Most states, Montana included, fragment the power of the

A

Chief executive

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21
Q

Argument number one, we are to run government more like a business, federalist tradition

A

Efficiency, effectiveness, professionalism, accountability

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22
Q

Argument number two, we want to be careful not to sign too much power to anyone position, anti-federalist tradition

A

We don’t want to King, divide power, who are like executive divide, decentralize executive power and assigned to a number of officers some elected and some appointed

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23
Q

What do you all states do

A

Educate incarcerate and medicate

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24
Q

Eras of federalism

A

1789 through 1900 is dual federalism, 1900 to the 60s is cooperative federalism, the 60s through the 80s is creative federalism, 80s deposit is contemporary federalism

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25
Q

Dual federalism

A

State and national government operated within their own spheres, phase 1 infancy/unsettled face to settlement/improvements such as infrastructure

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26
Q

Cooperative federalism

A

Work together, interstate highway system

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27
Q

Centralized federalism

A

States were preempted by the national government, civil rights, environment

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28
Q

Contemporary federalism

A

Trend toward decentralization

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29
Q

2002- now federalism

A

Selectively centralized on many social and some economic issues, ideology such as abortion and assisted suicide

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30
Q

Profiles of the state that affect structure function and operations

A

Geography, topography, demographics of state, economy

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31
Q

Geography

A

Size in square miles

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32
Q

Topography

A

Mountains, deserts, water

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33
Q

Demographics of states

A

Population, ages, races, is the population centralized are disbursed, urban versus rural, migration, within state/between states

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34
Q

Economy of states

A

Expanding, growing the Sunbelt, Stagnant, coal producing states, declining such as the rust belt, role of natural resources

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35
Q

State constitutions serve as the basic sources of

A

Authority and law

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36
Q

Compared to the US Constitution, state constitutions tend to

A

Much much longer and are less flexible and must be amended more often

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37
Q

Educate

A

K-12, public schools only

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38
Q

Medicate

A

Medicaid, national insurance and healthcare programs are for a qualified low income individuals, state and federal government cooperate in funding administrating the program

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39
Q

Incarcerate

A

Prison and corrections system

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40
Q

Each state education and correction system is

A

Different and unique

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41
Q

The legislature in each state like Congress has the authority to

A

Create, oversee and fund programs

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42
Q

Without legislative approval agencies and programs they provide

A

Cannot exist, may also choose to elluminate programs

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43
Q

Executive branch of Montana state government

A

Between statehood in 1889 in the mid 60s Montana’s executive branch had over 175 independent agencies

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44
Q

The 175 independent agencies included

A

Departments, bureaus, boards, commissions and each had its own unique authority in their own funding sources

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45
Q

The 175 agencies were very

A

Difficult to manage and difficult for a legislature to oversee and accountability was absent

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46
Q

“20 is plenty”

A

Slogan used to promote a constitutional amendment referred to the voters in 1970, proposal was reduced to the number of agencies and to organize them into no more than 20 departments

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47
Q

Between 1971 in 1974 in Montana

A

The executive branch was re-organize into 18 departments, most of which but not all report to the governor

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48
Q

The re-organization of agencies in Montana had the effect of strengthening the

A

chief executive from what has been a very weak governor to one that could be classified as a week or strong executive

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49
Q

OMB

A

Office of management and budget prepares executive budget for the US government

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50
Q

OBPP

A

Office of budget Inn program planning prepares executive budget for Montana state government

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51
Q

Montana operates on a

A

Two year funding cycle

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52
Q

In the Montana constitution the legislature meets every

A

Other year in odd-numbered years

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53
Q

When Montana legislature meet again in 2019 it will

A

Set a budget for two fiscal years

54
Q

Fiscal year

A

A 12 month period, usually from July 1 to June 30, using budget an account for the expenditure of public money’s

55
Q

Department to begin developing budget request in march in

A

Even numbered years

56
Q

Tools available to forecast the future

A

Reduces guesswork, provide a framework for making assumptions about the future otherwise it would be a lot like fortune-telling and Tarot cards

57
Q

49 states have either a constitutional or statutory requirement that there

A

Budgets must be balanced

58
Q

Revenue

A

How much money will the state collect and when will it come

59
Q

General fund

A

Checking account

60
Q

Federal funds

A

Healthcare, irrigation and water system

61
Q

Expenditure

A

How much will it cost

62
Q

Montana university system

A

Tuition

63
Q

Tuition

A

Three legged stool

64
Q

Three legged stool

A

General fund, property taxes, tuition – 6 million Levy

Total cost is allocated between them

65
Q

Fourth branch of government

A

Academic freedom, free from political influence, 60s and 70s student activism

66
Q

1972 Montana constitution

A

Provides a firewall, board of regents is the MUS governing board, 7 members of board

67
Q

All programs submit budget request to the

A

OBPP

68
Q

MUS department is

A

Separate

69
Q

In 1972 at the Montana constitution convention

A

Board of regents for M US, appointed by Governor and confirmed by the Senate to be responsible for governing the system

70
Q

Language in the 1972 Montana Constitution provides

A

A firewall between the university system and then executive and legislative branches, board of regents is the governing body for the university system, commissioner of higher education is the chief executive of MUS

71
Q

Board of regents

A

Fragmentation/dispersion of executive power, seven members appointed by Governor, confirmed by senate

72
Q

Board of regents power

A

To raise tuition, in charge of budget

73
Q

Three funding sources for covering the expense of higher education Montana

A
  1. state tax dollars from the state general fund/states checking account. 2. property taxes for the state wide 6 million Levi on property. 3. tuition – out-of-pocket payment for students
74
Q

Legislature gradually reduce state funding and the monies from statewide 6 million Levi remain constant

A

Student tuition was required to be increased or expenditures had to be cut. Board was concerned about the quality of instruction if too many cuts were made and was left with no option then increase tuition

75
Q

Period between 2005 and 2011

A

Tuition froze

76
Q

University system stands to lose 20 million a year if

A

Levy is not reauthorized

77
Q

If any portion of the total is not restored by the legislature the board will have two options

A

Cut expenditures, raise tuition

78
Q

Budget

A

Statement of priorities and values

79
Q

Biennium

A

Two year period

80
Q

Fiscal year

A

12 month budget period, July 1-June 30

81
Q

If the Montana legislature meets only an odd number years every other year

A

They must budget and approve spending for two fiscal years

82
Q

Executive branch begins preparing its budget plan in March of even numbered years

A

Two estimates must be configured

83
Q

Two estimates must be configured

A

How much money does the state anticipate receiving for the to your budget., How much money does the state propose to spend during the senior.

84
Q

In order to derive the estimates for the budget

A

Executive must forecast events approximately 39 months into the future so right now the end of the budget period Would be June 2021

85
Q

Montana legislature meets

A

In odd-numbered years for only 90 days roughly the first week of January to the last week of April

86
Q

Montana legislature constitutional duty

A

To appropriate funds to operate state government, lawmaking is an inherent power

87
Q

Montana Senate

A

50 members sir for your terms term limits allowed two terms

88
Q

Montana house

A

Hundred members, serve to your terms, term limits allow four terms

89
Q

Difference between house and senate

A

House members tend to be younger and less experienced, size of committees is roughly double the size of Senate committees, more commotion and activity in the house, house is like a Kager what’s in is like a cocktail party, send it tends to be more collegial

90
Q

Montana constitution is the newest in the US

A

Adopted in 1972, reflects a more contemporary vision of government, amended many times, has been dead mended more than the US Constitution, moments are integrated not added a separate amendment says the US Constitution

91
Q

Referendum

A

Law referred to the voters by the legislature for final approval, not all states allowed voters to be lawmakers

92
Q

Initiative

A

A proposed law initiated by citizens by petition, if the required number of signatures are gathered, the issue is placed on the ballot for approval by the voters

93
Q

State constitutions do not contain a list of

A

Enumerated powers

94
Q

Reserved powers

A

10th amendment

95
Q

Most state constitutions serve to restrict the power of

A

States to act, create condition

96
Q

Those who favor limited government tend to

A

Support more restrictions and Conditions

97
Q

Those who favor a more active role of government tend to

A

Support fewer restrictions and conditions

98
Q

Legislative process in both cabinets

A

Introduction, committee, hearing, vote, how/senate, two votes

99
Q

If the law is the same

A

The governor

100
Q

If the law is different

A

Conference committee

101
Q

What happens to most bills introduced to congress

A

Nothing

102
Q

What happens to most of the bills introduced in the Montana legislature

A

Most have a hearing and then die by a vote in committee

103
Q

House bill two

A

The general appropriations bill introduced each session in the Montana legislature to authorize the expenditure of public funds

104
Q

Budget inn House Bill two

A

Initial version of House Bill two reflects the governors proposals

105
Q

Appropriation in House Bill two

A

Final version of House Bill two reflects the legislatures proposals

106
Q

Policy

A

A course of action approved by government, business, or individual, possible to have a policy without a program or law, a general statement of operation

107
Q

Program

A

A plant series of events by government, business, or individual, more formal than a policy, possible to have a program without a law

108
Q

Law

A

A policy or program approved by government that everyone must follow

109
Q

Appropriations

A

House bill 21 approved is a law for two years, total number of state and federal dollars approved for two fiscal years

110
Q

Appropriations process

A

Introduced in the house, refer to the appropriations committee, divided into five sections

111
Q

What happens to appropriations process when is divided into five sections

A

Each section is set to its own sub committee that are composed of both member of the house appropriations committee and the Senate finance and claims committee

112
Q

Subcommittees must vote on appropriations

A

If a majority of the sub committee votes to approve the section is sent back to the preparations committee if not they must resolve the differences that result in a favorable vote

113
Q

The Appropriations Committee goes through each section of House Bill two

A

Hearings discussion amendments

114
Q

If majority votes in favor of House bill two it is sent to

A

House of Representatives for debate

115
Q

After the house voted on the approval of the bill twice it is sent to

A

Senate

116
Q

Senate refers the bill to the senate finance and claim committee

A

Committee goes through and debates it by section, after majority vote sent to full senate, senate debates, must be voted on twice

117
Q

Given the large number of dollars at stake for a house built two

A

Send it always changes the version of the hospital to send to it by the house which must be resolved by conference committee after the committee meets and dissolves the differences the bill sent back to both the House and Senate for two additional majority votes in each chamber

118
Q

The court system in each of the 50 state is

A

Unique reserved powers allows states to structure an operate their court systems as each sees fit

119
Q

In most states, including Montana, justices are elected

A

Directly by the voters

120
Q

In some states the governor made directly appoint an individual to the court without

A

The consent of the legislative branch

121
Q

In some states the governor made directly appoint an individual to the court but the appointment must

A

First be approved by the legislative branch

122
Q

In a small number of states and independent commission plays a role in selecting individuals to

A

Serve in the court system

123
Q

Montana court system

A

All but a few members of the digit judiciary in Montana are elected

124
Q

Montana court system is comprised at three different levels

A

Supreme court, district courts, justice courts

125
Q

Supreme court

A

Seven members, all elected

126
Q

District courts

A

54 courts, each with a persuading judge who is elected

127
Q

Justice court

A

Presided over by a justice of the peace who is elected

128
Q

Cases may be appealed

A

From a lower court to the next level

129
Q

Civil law

A

Deals with conflicts between individual and titles, sometimes money mostly divorce

130
Q

Criminal law

A

Exist to protect society as a whole

131
Q

Court of record

A

Court who’s proceedings are recorded and available as evidence of fact

Government (3 decks)

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