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psych 1010 > test3-6,9,10 > Flashcards

test3-6,9,10 Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

active mental system that encodes, stores, retrievers information

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2
Q

encoding

A

sensory info is transformed into mental representation…requires effort

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3
Q

stoarge

A

memories are maintained for immediate or future use

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4
Q

retrieval

A

accessing the information

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

holds current sensory info for a brief moment…2-3 seconds (iconic and echoic sensory memory)

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6
Q

iconic sensory memory

A

close ur eyes you can see your notes

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7
Q

echoic sensory memory

A

hearing something ur head immediately longer

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8
Q

short term memory

A

working memory, info you keep in conscious awareness without further processing… 20-30 seconds.. “magic number” 7+-2 units of info

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9
Q

strategies to extend time limit and capacity

A

repetition, chunking

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10
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited storage, stored in a neural network.

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11
Q

processes for long term memory

A

repetition, elaboration

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12
Q

semantic network

A

meaningful connections so you can access it easily….. “tip of my tongue”

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13
Q

explicit memory

A

long term memory- conscious thought, (episodic..time, places, associated with emotion and personal experience) (sematic memory..general knowledge of the world accumulated)

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14
Q

implicit memory

A

long term memory..(procedural memory.. remembering how to do things) (priming…enhanced idnetification of objects or words bc recent exposure)

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15
Q

external retrieval cues

A

external info encoded w original memory triggers

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16
Q

internal retrieval cues

A

states encoded with original memory can trigger again

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17
Q

amnesia

A

retrograde (remembering back in time..usually bc trauma)

anterograde (inability to remember new information)

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18
Q

alzheimers

A

affects the hippocampus and acetylcholine

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19
Q

normal forgetting

A

serial position curve- recall first and last items in a series best
decay and interference- memories are lost over time bc of new memories forming

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20
Q

memory strategies

A

first letter technique, method of loci (placing items in location)
peg word mnemonic (words w numbers), self cues vivid imagery, and elaboration

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21
Q

transience

A

decay of memories over time

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22
Q

blocking memories

A

tip of the tongue

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23
Q

flashbulb memories

A

memory for important event often changes and mashes together over time

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24
Q

retrointerference

A

new info effects previously acquired information

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25
Q

proactive interference

A

old info comes forward and interferes with new information

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26
Q

intellegence

A

ability to understand the world around us, think rationally, and use resources to effectively solve problems

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27
Q

IQ score

A

mental age/ chronological age X100

score of 100 is average, 70 is mental retardation, 130 is extreme intelligence

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28
Q

Mild mental retardation

A

50-70 score, 85% of disabled, 6th grade skill set, self supported with assistance

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29
Q

Moderate mental retardation

A

35-49 IQ, 10%.. 2nd grade skills, sheltered, workshops

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30
Q

severe mental retardation

A

20-34 IQ, 3-4% , may talk but need close supervision

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31
Q

profound mental retardation

A

below 20 IQ, 1-2%,constant aid/supervision

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32
Q

Binet

A

1st modern intelligence test, emphasized reason and logic rather than memory

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33
Q

wechsier

A

intelligence scale for adults and children (WAIS and WISC)

academically based, performance and verbal skills, vocab comprehension and picture arrangement, etc.

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34
Q

Gardener

A

theory of multiple intelligence

35
Q

Logical

A

mathematical

36
Q

verbal- linguistic

A

good with words and speaking

37
Q

visual spatial

A

read, maps, (artists)

38
Q

interpersonal

A

good with people and reading them

39
Q

interpersonal

A

philosophy

40
Q

body-kinesthetic

A

body and movement

41
Q

musical

A

music

42
Q

naturalist

A

outdoor/animal

43
Q

Goleman- emotional intellegence

A

ability to perceive, understand, and manage own emotions

self awareness, managing emotions, motivating yourself, empathy, handling relationships

44
Q

cognitive concepts

A

organize into objects, events, people, ideas, etc

45
Q

cognitive prototypes

A

typical example of a concept (ex: bird=cardinal)

46
Q

schemas vs script & stereotypes

A

schema=cogntive maps for people and events
scripts=types of schema, events
stereotype=people

47
Q

heuistics

A

shortcuts (rules of thumb)

ex: decision rules, analogies

48
Q

availability heuristic

A

assuming info that is easily remembered must be correct/more likely

49
Q

representative heuristic

A

info that is more similar to typical events/person is more likely correct

50
Q

phenomes

A

smallest unit of sound, english has about 52 phenomes

869 phenomes have been identified

51
Q

morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units

52
Q

syntax

A

order or rules for grammar

53
Q

language developement

A

3 mo. = cooing (making all sounds possible)
8 mo. babbling= strings of sounds
12 mo. = one word expressions..overextension
18 mo. = 2 word expressions
2-3 years= short sentences, vocab excels
4-5 yrs= full sentences, enjoys jokes

54
Q

overextension

A

one word applied to all (all liquids are called juice)

55
Q

nativist theories in cognitive development

A

language acquisition device… innate ability for grammar, automatically divide words into categories, distinguish words with string of sounds, figure out order of nouns and verbs, notice how words are change to make plural

56
Q

berko

A

1958- tested how kids know how to add s to noun

57
Q

language ability

A

age limits on ability to learn a language.. 10-11 year olds is critical mark, language expands neural network and increase cognitive ability

58
Q

prenatal development

A 
conception=zygote, 
germinal period= first 2 weeks
embryonic period=2-8 weeks
gender=6-8 weeks 
fetal period= 2 months-birth
59
Q

age of viability

A

22-26 weeks

60
Q

postnatal reflexes

A

grasping, rooting (turn head), stepping, sucking, moro(curl into ball if falling)

61
Q

motor skills development

A 
raises head when lying on stomach-1 mo
rolls over- 2-4 mo.
sits w support- 3-5 mo.
sits on own-4-8 mo.
crawl- 7 mo-1 yr
walk- 12-14 mo.
62
Q

harlow

A

monkey experiment forming attachments

63
Q

ainsworth

A

attentive mothers=secure attachment
semi-attentive=ambivalent attachment
non-attentive=avoidant attachment
trauma, abuse, neglect=disorganized-disoriented attachment

64
Q

jean piaget

A

children construct mental models of the world around them

use mistakes they make to correct mental models of the world

65
Q

sensory motor stage

A

birth-2 yrs

no object permanence

66
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-7 yrs, reversal (problems in reverse)

egocentrism, conservation (objects that look bigger are better)

67
Q

concrete operational

A

7-11 yrs, children think concretely about objects and problems, do not have abstract reasoning, have difficultly about hypothetical problems

68
Q

formal operational

A

12-adult, deductive reasoning(general to specific), inductive reasoning (specific to general)
systematic strategies for problem solving

69
Q

preconventional moral development

A

up to 9 yrs- concerned with punishments

70
Q

conventional moral development

A

10-15 years.. social norms and rules

71
Q

postconventional moral development

A

16 and up, concerned with higher moral principles

72
Q

semantic encoding

A

relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory

73
Q

consolidation

A

process by which memories become stable in the brain… more resiliant to become disruspted

74
Q

reconsolidation

A

causes memories to become more vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled….then they must be consolidated again…reactivating a memory temporarily makes it vulnerable again

75
Q

retrieval induced forgetting

A

eyewitnesses forgot details not initially interviewed

76
Q

hippocampal amnesia

A

inability to imagine new experiences

77
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

78
Q

flashbulb memory

A

detailed recollection of when and where we were when we heard about shocking events

79
Q

genetic dysphasia

A

cannot learn grammar structure despite being normally intellegent

80
Q

exemplar theory

A

classify new objects by comparing them to all other category members rather than prototype where you compare to sterotypical

81
Q

framing effect

A

people give different answers depending on how the question was worded

82
Q

sunk cost fallacy

A

people make decisons on what they have invested into the situation… ex: still go to a rainy gross concert bc you invested in a ticket

83
Q

fluid intellegence

A

ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

84
Q

crystallized intellegence

A

ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

psych 1010 (4 decks)

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