Illicit And Recrational Drugs - Amphetmine, Cocaine, Marijuana Flashcards

1
Q

What is the toxic dose of amphetamine and methamphetamine in dogs?

A

Amephetamine: 20-27mg/kg

Methamphetmaine: 9-11mg/kg

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2
Q

T/F: both amphetamines and cocaine are lipid soluble

A

True

—> readily absorbed and distributed crossing BBB to CNS

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3
Q

Where are amphentamines metabolized and excreted

A

Metabolized in liver

Excreted in urine (ph dependent)

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4
Q

What is the halflife of amphetamines?

A

3.5-6hours

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5
Q

What is the MOA of amphentamines

A

CNS stimulant
Block reuptake of norepi and dopamine
Inhibit MAO
Dopamine excitatory receptor agonist

Peripherally—> sympathomimetic effect by release of norepi and direct stimulant on A and B receptors

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of amphentamines?

A

Hyperactivity, restlessness, circling, tremors, ataxia, seizures, mydriasis, hyper salivation, and hyperthermia

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7
Q

What lab changes would you see with amphentamine toxicosis?

A

Hypoglycemia
Metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyolysis due to tremors —> myoglobinuria and renal failure (rare)

Can be detected in blood,urine, and saliva

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8
Q

How do you treat amphetamine toxicosis?

A

Induce emesis
Activated charcoal

Phenobarbital and propofol for seizure
Phenothiazines as dopamine receptor antagonist

Treat hyperthermia
Tachyarrythmias with B blocker/lidocaine

Urinary acidifiers like ammonium chloride (unless acidotic)
IV fluid for dehydration, acidosis, and enhance renal excretion

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9
Q

What speices is most susceptible to cocaine toxicity?

A

Dogs (esp police dogs)

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10
Q

What is the LD50 for dogs and cats for cocaine?

A

IV

  • dog 3mg/kg
  • cat 7.5mg/kg

Oral
-dog 6-12mg/kg

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11
Q

Where is cocaine metabolized and excreted?

A

Metabolized : Plasma and hepatic esterase, and methylated in liver

Excreted : urine

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12
Q

What is the MOA of cocaine?

A

CNS stimulant and sympathomimetic
Block norepi, dopamine, and serotonin reuptake
Increase catecholamine release and sensitize sympathetic effector cells to catecholamines
Direct effect on myocardium

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13
Q

Clinical signs associated with cocaine toxicosis?

A
Vomiting
Hypersalivation 
Mydriasis 
Hyperactivity 
Tremors 
Convulsive seizures 
Hyperthermia 
Tachycardia 
Tachypnea
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14
Q

What lesions do you see due to cocaine toxicosis?

A

Myocardial degeneration
Subendocardial and pericardial hemorrhage
Pericardial effusion
Pulmonary hemorrhage

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15
Q

What would you see on a biochem in a case of cocaine toxicosis?

A

Elevated CK

Systemic acidosis

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16
Q

What is the DDX for cocaine toxicosis?

A

CNS stimulants

  • amphetamine
  • strychnine
  • metaldehyde
  • methylxanthine
  • pseudoephedrine
  • organophosphate and carbamate
  • chlorinated hydrocarbons
  • permethrin in cat
17
Q

What is the treatment for cocaine toxicity?

A

Inducing vomiting
Gastric lavage with activated charcoal
Diazepam IV for seizure
Barbiturates or phenothiazine can be used

B blocker for tachyarrythmias
Sodium bicarb or LRS for acidosis
IV fluids to promote diuretics and maintain renal blood flow
Body temp monitored

18
Q

What is the main active constituent of marijuana?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

19
Q

Hashish (dried resin from flowers) contains up to ___% THC, but oil contains ______%

A

10; 20

20
Q

What is the toxicity for THC in dogs?

A

3g/kg

This is 1000 times the behaviour ally effective dose in dogs

21
Q

T/F: THC is lipid soluble

A

True

22
Q

Oral absorption of THC is increased by ??

A

Ingestion of a fatty meal

23
Q

Where is THC distributed in the body?

A

Binds to plasma proteins

All over body including CNS, and adipose tissue

24
Q

What is the halflife of marijuana in dogs?

A

25-30 hours

25
Q

Where is THC and its metabolites excreted?

A

Bile and feces
Undergoes enterohepatic recirculation

Only 10% excreted in urine

26
Q

What is the MOA of THC?

A

2 cannabinoid receptors
—> CB1 in brain -> effect on memory, perception, and controls movement
—> CB1 and CB2 both on immune cells

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of THC?

A

Vomiting, CNS depression, ataxia, incoordination, tremor, weakness, mydriasis, and hypothermia

Rare - seizure, excitability, bradycardia or tachycardia, hyperthermia, and apprehension

28
Q

What specimens can be used to detect THC?

A

Urine

Stomach contents

29
Q

T/F: the human urine test for marijuana is effective for testing dogs

A

False

In dogs there are several other metabolites

30
Q

What is your DDX for marijuana toxicity?

A

CNS depressants

  • opioid
  • LSD
  • PCP
  • tranquilizer
  • ethylene glycol
  • propylene glycol
  • alcohol
  • macrolien antiparasitics
  • muscle relaxant
  • hallucinogenic mushrooms
31
Q

How do you treat marijuana toxicosis?

A

Usually spontaneously resolve without treatment
Induction of emesis in animals who have not vomited (THC is antiemetic)
Activated charcoal and cathartic

Fluid, oxygen, diazepam for CNS stimulation

32
Q

T/F: cannabinoids have a wide safety margin and are unlikely to be fatal

A

True