Embryology

Question 1

Functions as interim kidney during first trimester

Answer 1

Mesonephros

Question 2

Gives rise to ureter, pelvises, calyces, and collecting duct

Answer 2

Uretic bud

Question 3

First appears in 5th week of gestation and develops into permanent kidney

Answer 3

Metanephros

Question 4

Develops in fourth week of gestation and then degenerates

Answer 4

Pronephros

Question 5

Gives rise to vas deferens in male genitalia

Answer 5

Mesonephros

Question 6

Interaction with uretic bud leads to formation of glomerulus through distal convoluted tubule

Answer 6

Metanephric mesenchyme

Question 7

Last structure to canalize and most common site of obstruction detected as hydronephrosis on prenatal US

Answer 7

Ureteropelvic junction

Question 8

Common causes o Potter syndrome

Answer 8

ARPKD, obstructive uropathy, bilateral renal agenesis, chronic placental insufficiency

Question 9

Symptoms of Potter syndrome

Answer 9

POTTER:

Pulmonary hypoplasia, Oligohydramnios, Twisted face, Twisted skin, Extremity defects, Renal failure

Question 10

Artery that prevents horseshoe kidney from ascending

Answer 10

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 11

Horseshoe kidney mechanism

Answer 11

Abnormal fusion of inferior poles of both kidneys

Question 12

Chromosomal aneuploidy syndrome in women presenting with webbed neck and associated with horseshoe kidney

Answer 12

Turner syndrome

Question 13

Trisomies associated with horseshoe kidney

Answer 13

Trisomies 13, 18, 21

Question 14

Condition being born with only one functioning kidney

Answer 14

Congenital solitary functioning kidney

Question 15

Symptoms of congenital solitary functioning kidney

Answer 15

Majority asymptomatic with hypertrophy of other kidney

Question 16

Consequence of uretic bud failing to develop and induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme

Answer 16

Unilateral renal agenesis

Question 17

Consequence of uretic bud failing to induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme and typically unilateral

Answer 17

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Question 18

Congenital disorder in which uretic bud splits before entering the metanephric blastemal creating a Y-shaped bifid ureter

Answer 18

Duplex collecting system

Question 19

Consequence of duplex collecting system

Answer 19

Vesicoureteral reflux, ureteral obstruction and increased UTIs

Question 20

Most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male infants that can lead to urethral obstruction

Answer 20

Posterior urethral valve

Question 21

Posterior urethral valve diagnosis

Answer 21

Diagnosed prenatally by hydronephrosis and dilated or thick-walled bladder on US

Question 22

Embryological structure that connects dome of bladder to umbilicus

Answer 22

Urachus

Question 23

Consequence of urachal remnants

Answer 23

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder (dome of bladder)

Question 24

Fate of urachus

Answer 24

Obliterated at birth forming medial umbilical remnant

Question 25

Consequence of patent urachus

Answer 25

Urine can leak from umbilicus, can form cyst, sinus or diverticulum and infections