Ch 30: Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-1949

Question 1

What were economic stressors on India in the early 20th century?

Answer 1

drought, deforestation, population increase, decrease in the amount of land per family

Question 2

What was the language of business in India?

Answer 2

English

Question 3

Why did the Indian Civil Service limit the spread of technology in India?

Answer 3

tried to control modern technology to benefit Britain

Question 4

What 2 religious groups had the most problems with one another?

Answer 4

Hindus and Muslims

Question 5

In what year was the Indian National Congress founded?

Answer 5

1885

Question 6

What was the All Indian Muslim league and why was it founded?

Answer 6

organization to defend interests of Muslim minority

Question 7

Why did Indians support Britain enthusiastically during World War I?

Answer 7

thought loyalty would give independence

Question 8

What happened at Amritsar?

Answer 8

General Reginald Dyer fired onto a peaceful crowd of demonstrators

Question 9

Who was known as the “great soul” by his followers?

Answer 9

Gandhi

Question 10

What were Gandhi’s methods of achieving Indian independence?

Answer 10

peaceful protest/ civil disobedience

Question 11

Describe and explain the significance of Gandhi’s “Walk to the Sea.”

Answer 11

walked with followers to sea and gathered salt to protest the salt monopoly

Question 12

What does it mean to fast? How is this effective as a way to wage political protest?

Answer 12

no eating, protested British policy

Question 13

Why did the businessmen like Jawaharlal Nehru?

Answer 13

wanted to create modern industry

Question 14

How did Gandhi respond to British offers of independence during WWII? What happened in Bengal?

Answer 14

“Quit India” campaign- wanted independence now

Bengal= divided without consulting the Indian people- separated Muslims from Hindus

Question 15

What was the solution accepted by both Hindus and Muslims regarding the problem of independence?

Answer 15

give each own territory- Partition of India and Pakistan

Question 16

Why was there continued violence after independence?

Answer 16

flows of refugees

Question 17

Where did most Africans work? What were their working conditions?

Answer 17

European-owned mines and plantations under harsh conditions for little pay

Question 18

What was the impact that Europeans had on African healthcare?

Answer 18

made it worse- had modern medicine but didn’t share with Africans, movement of Europeans spread diseases

Question 19

How did cities built in the colonial era demonstrate the racism of this time period?

Answer 19

segregation

Question 20

Why was Christianity attractive?

Answer 20

Education in missionary schools

Question 21

Who founded the African National Congress and why?

Answer 21

Western-educated lawyers and journalists in South African in 1912, to defend the interests of the African people

Question 22

How did World War II affect Africans?

Answer 22

served in Allied army, increase in labor

Question 23

How did World War II act as a springboard for independence movements in Africa?

Answer 23

Those who served saw Allied propaganda in favor of European liberation movements, came back with radical ideas

Question 24

What may have hampered economic development in Latin America?

Answer 24

dependence on other countries (US and Britain), didn’t industrialize

Question 25

Why was the Mexican peasantry so poor?

Answer 25

didn’t own land, class divisions, foreign companies

Question 26

What was Porifiro Diaz’s motto and how did he rule?

Answer 26

“liberty, order, and progress”

dictator, bribery

Question 27

What happened in Mexico in 1911?

Answer 27

Mexican Revolution- government collapses, Diaz resigns

Question 28

Who were the constitutionalists?

Answer 28

middle/ working class

Question 29

What did Emiliano Zapata and Francisco “Pancho” Villa do?

Answer 29

led reform representing poor

Question 30

Who won the civil war and what did they do?

Answer 30

constitutionalists- controlled oil exports

Question 31

How did Lazaro Cardenas govern Mexico when he gained power in 1934?

Answer 31

brings more workers into PRM, implements constitutionalist ideas (education, railroads, seizes foreign oil companies)

Question 32

What did the Mexican Revolution accomplish overall?

Answer 32

independence, constitutional republic, seizure of foreign oil companies

Question 33

What exports came from the pampas of Argentina?

Answer 33

sheep wool and cattle hide

Question 34

What was Argentina’s oligarquia?

Answer 34

small group of wealthy landowners

Question 35

How did World War I impact Argentina and Brazil?

Answer 35

ended importation from Europe, middle class got more rights

Question 36

Who controlled radio in Latin America after World War I? What does this suggest?

Answer 36

Germany, France, Britain, Us- still relied on industrialized nations

Question 37

How did the Depression of 1929 impact the politics of Argentina and Brazil?

Answer 37

fascist leaders/ authoritarian regimes

Question 38

What was Getulio Vargas’ import-substitution industrialization? What were the consequences?

Answer 38

replaced foreign imports with domestic production- deforestation

Question 39

What did Vargas do in 1938, and what did he do during World War II?

Answer 39

reelected himself and abolished his own constitution, allied with the US

Question 40

Who were Juan and Eva Peron?

Answer 40

Dictator of Argentina and his wife