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Chemistry > Topic 10 - Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What do humans use the earths resources for?

A

Warmth, shelter, food, transport

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2
Q

What do natural resources supplemented by agriculture provide?

A

Food, timber, clothing, fuels

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3
Q

What are processed to provide energy and materials?

A

Finite resources from the Earth, oceans and atmosphere

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4
Q

What does chemistry play an important role in?

A
  • Improving agricultural and industrial processes to provide new products
  • Sustainable development
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5
Q

What is the sustainable development?

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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6
Q

Give an example of natural products that are supplemented or replaced by agricultural and synthetic products?

A

Rubber is a natural product that can be extracted from the sap of a tree, however man-made polymers have now been made which can replace rubber in uses such as tires

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7
Q

What substance is essential for life?

A

Water of appropriate quality

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8
Q

What should drinking water consist of for humans?

A

Drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

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9
Q

Define potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

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10
Q

What is potable water?

A

Not pure water in the chemical sense but it contains dissolved substances

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11
Q

What do the methods used to produce potable water depend on?

A

Available supplies of water and local conditions

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12
Q

In the UK what does rain provide?

A

Water with low levels of dissolved substances (fresh water) that collects in the ground, lakes and rivers

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13
Q

What are the three methods of producing portable water?

A
  • choosing appropriate source of fresh water
  • passing the water through filter beds
  • sterilising
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14
Q

Give examples of sterilising agents used for potable water?

A

Chlorine, Ozone, ultraviolet light

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15
Q

What happens if suppliers of freshwater are limited?

A

Desalination of salty water or sea water may be required

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16
Q

How can desalination be done?

A

By distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis

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17
Q

What do the processes of desalination require?

A

Large amounts of energy

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18
Q

When it rains how does water collect?

A
  • surface water (lakes, rivers and reservoirs)

- groundwater (in rocks called aquifers the trap water underground)

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of desalination processes?

A

Require loads of energy so they’re expensive and impractical for producing large quantities

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20
Q

Where are large amounts of waste water produced?

A

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes

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21
Q

What does waste water required?

A

Treatment before being released into the environment

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22
Q

What treatment does sewage and agricultural waste water required?

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes

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23
Q

What treatment does industrial waste water require?

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals

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24
Q

What are the four stages of sewage treatment?

A
  • screening and grit removal
  • sedimentation to produce sewage sludge and effluent
  • anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  • aerobic biological treatment of effluent
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25
Q

Describe stage one of sewage treatment?

A

The sewage is screened which involves removing any large bits of material as well as any grit

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26
Q

Describe stage two of sewage treatment?

A

The sewage then stands in a settlement tank and undergoes sedimentation

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27
Q

What is sedimentation of sewage?

A

The heavier suspended solids sink to the bottom to produce sludge while the lighter effluent floats to the top

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28
Q

What is stage three of sewage treatment?

A

The sludge is removed and transferred into large tanks where it gets broken down by bacteria in anaerobic digestions

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29
Q

What is biological aerobic digestions of sewage?

A

Air is pumped through the water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down any organic matter and other microbes in the water

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30
Q

What is anaerobic digestion of sewage?

A

Organic matter is broken down and releases methane gas which can be used as an energy source, and the remaining digested waste can be used as a fertiliser

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31
Q

What is stage four of sewage treatment?

A

The effluent in the settlement tank is removed and treated by biological aerobic digestions

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32
Q

What additional stages may be added for waste water containing toxic substances?

A

Adding chemicals, UV radiation or using membranes

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33
Q

Compare the process of treating freshwater to treating sewage?

A

Sewage treatment requires more processes and treating freshwater but uses less energy than the desalination of salt water so can be used as an alternative in areas where there is not much freshwater

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34
Q

What is the disadvantage of using sewage as alternative in areas where there is not much fresh water?

A

Some people don’t like the idea of drinking water that used to be sewage

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35
Q

What is the problem with the earths resources of metal ores?

A

They’re limited

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36
Q

What are new ways of extracting copper from low-grade ores?

A

Phytomining and bioleaching

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37
Q

Why do we need new ways of extracting copper?

A

Copper ores are becoming scarce

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38
Q

What do The new ways of extracting copper avoid?

A

Traditional mining methods of digging, moving and disposing of large amounts of rock

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39
Q

What is phytomining?

A

Using plants to absorb metal compounds

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40
Q

how does phytomining work?

A

The plants are harvested and then buried to produce ash that contains metal compounds

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41
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Using bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds

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42
Q

What are the metal compounds processed for?

A

To obtain the metal

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43
Q

Give an example of a metal compound that can be processed to obtain the metal?

A

Copper can be obtained from solutions of copper compounds by displacement using scrap iron or by electrolysis

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44
Q

Why are life-cycle assessments carried out?

A

To assess the environmental impact of products in different stages

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45
Q

What are the environmental impacts assessed in life-cycle assessments?

A
  • extracting and processing raw materials
  • manufacturing and packaging
  • use and operation during its lifetime
  • disposal at the end of its useful life (including transport and distribution)
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46
Q

Why are extracting and processing raw materials assessed in lifecycle assessments?

A

It can damage the local environment (E.G.mining) and result in pollution due to the amount of energy needed to process and extract

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47
Q

Why is manufacturing and packaging assessed in a life-cycle assessment?

A

It can use a lot of energy resources and cause a lot of pollution (E.G.harmful fuels) and produce waste products which need to be disposed of

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48
Q

Why is using the product assessed in a life-cycle assessment?

A

It can damage the environment (E.G.burning fuels releases greenhouse gases and fertilisers can leach into streams causing damage to ecosystems) and how long it is used for can mean less waste in the long run

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49
Q

Why is product disposal assessed in life-cycle assessments?

A

Landfill sites take up space and produce land and water, energy is used to transport waste which causes pollutants to the atmosphere, products may be incinerated which causes air-pollution

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50
Q

Give examples of things that can be fairly easily quantified?

A

Use of water, resources, energy sources and production of some wastes

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51
Q

Why are life-cycle settlements not a purely objective process?

A

Because allocating numerical values to pollutant effects is less straightforward and requires value judgements

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52
Q

What can selective or abbreviated life-cycle assessments be devised to do?

A

Evaluate the product

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53
Q

What is the disadvantage of selective or abbreviated life-cycle assessments?

A

They can be misused to reach predetermined conclusions for example in support of claims for advertising purposes

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54
Q

What are selective life-cycle assessments?

A

Only shows some of the impacts of a product on the environment and can be biased

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55
Q

Compare the raw materials used for plastic and paper bags?

A

Plastic bags are made from crude oil and paper bags are made from timber

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56
Q

Compare the manufacturing and packaging for plastic and paper bags?

A
  • Compounds for plastics are extracted from crude oil by fractional distillation, cracking and polymerisation, but waste is reduced as other fractions have different uses
  • Pulped timber requires lots of energy and creates lots of waste
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57
Q

Compare the use of plastic bags and paper bags?

A

Plastic bags can be reused and used for other things where as paper bags are usually only used once

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58
Q

Compare the product disposal for plastic and paper bags?

A
  • Plastic bags are recyclable but not biodegradable and will pollute land in landfill
  • Paper bags are biodegradable, non-toxic and can be recycled
59
Q

What does the reduction in use, reuse and recycling of materials by end users reduce?

A
  • reduces use of limited resources
  • reduces use of energy sources
  • reduces waste
  • reduces environmental impacts
60
Q

Give examples of materials produced from limited raw materials?

A

Metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics, most plastics

61
Q

What does most of the energy for the processes of making materials come from?

A

Limited resources

62
Q

What does obtaining raw materials from the Earth by quarrying and mining cause?

A

Environmental impacts

63
Q

Give an example of a product that can be reused?

A

Glass bottles

64
Q

How are glass bottles reused?

A

They can be crushed and melted to make different glass products

65
Q

What happens if a product cannot be reused?

A

They can be recycled for different use

66
Q

How are metals recycled?

A

By melting and re-casting or reforming into different products

67
Q

What does the amount of separation required for recycling depend on?

A

The material and the properties required of the final product

68
Q

Give an example for reducing the materials needed to recycle a metal?

A

Scrap steel can be added to iron from a blast furnace to reduce the amount of iron that needs to be extracted from an iron ore

69
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The destruction of metals by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

70
Q

Give an example of corrosion

A

Rusting

71
Q

What substances in the environment are necessary for iron to rust?

A

Air and water

72
Q

How can we prevent corrosion?

A

Applying a coating that acts as a barrier

73
Q

What are the different ways that we can apply a coating to prevent corrosion?

A

Greasing, painting or electroplating

74
Q

How is aluminium protected from further corrosion?

A

It has an oxide coating

75
Q

Why is zinc used to galvanise iron?

A

The coating is reactive and contains a more reactive metal (zinc) which provides sacrificial protection

76
Q

Why is the sacrificial method used?

A

Because water and oxygen will then react with the sacrificial metal instead of the metal that needs protection

77
Q

What are most metals in every day use?

A

Alloys

78
Q

What is bronze?

A

An alloy of copper and tin

79
Q

What is brass?

A

An alloy of copper and zinc

80
Q

What is gold used as jewellery?

A

An alloy with silver, copper and zinc

81
Q

What is the proportion of gold in the alloy measured in?

A

Carats

82
Q

What are the different carats?

A

24 carat = 100%

18 carat = 75%

83
Q

What are steels?

A

Alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals

84
Q

Describe high carbon steel.

A

Strong but brittle

85
Q

Describe low carbon steel.

A

Softer and more malleable

86
Q

What are steels that contain chromium and nickel?

A

Stainless steels that are hard and resistant to corrosion

87
Q

Describe aluminium alloys?

A

Low density

88
Q

Give a use of bronze

A

Medals, decorative ornaments and statues

89
Q

Give uses of brass

A

Water taps and door fitting

90
Q

Give uses of gold

A

Jewellery

91
Q

Give uses of aluminium alloys

A

Aeroplanes

92
Q

Give a use of low carbon steel

A

Car bodies

93
Q

Give a use of high carbon steel?

A

Bridges

94
Q

Give a use of stainless steel

A

Cutlery

95
Q

How is most of the glass we use made?

A

From soda lime glass that is made by heating a mixture of sand, sodium carbonate and limestone

96
Q

How is Borosilicate glass made?

A

From sand and boron trioxide melted at higher temperatures than soda lime glass

97
Q

Give examples of clay ceramics and how they are made?

A

Pottery and bricks – made by shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace

98
Q

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

A

What monomers they are made from and the conditions under which they were made

99
Q

What are low-density and a high density poly(ethene) produced from?

A

Ethene

100
Q

What happens to Thermosoftening polymers when they are heated?

A

They melt

101
Q

What happens to thermosetting polymers when they are heated?

A

They do not melt

102
Q

How is low density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high-pressure with a catalyst

103
Q

Give a use of low density poly(ethene)

A

Bags and bottles

104
Q

How is high density poly(ethene) made?

A

Made from ethene but at a low temperature and low pressure with a different catalyst

105
Q

Give a use of high density poly(ethene)

A

Water tanks and drainpipes

106
Q

Describe Thermo softening polymers

A

Contain individual polymer chains entwined together with weak forces between the chains, which can be melted and remoulded

107
Q

Describe thermosetting polymers

A

Contain monomers that can form cross links between the polymer chains holding the chains together in a solid structure

108
Q

What are most composite made from?

A

A matrix and reinforcement

109
Q

What is a reinforcement?

A

Fibres or fragments of a material

110
Q

What is the matrix?

A

Acts as a binder

111
Q

Give examples of composite’s

A
  • fibreglass
  • carbon fibre
  • concrete
  • wood
112
Q

Describe fibreglass

A

Consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer which has a low density but is very strong and used for skis, boats and surfboards

113
Q

Describe carbon fibre

A

Have a polymer matrix and a reinforcement made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together or carbon nanotubes that are very strong and light so are used in aerospace and sports cars

114
Q

Describe concrete

A

Made from aggregate (sand and gravel) embedded in cement which is very strong so used as a building material

115
Q

Describe wood

A

A natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix

116
Q

What is the haber process?

A

It is used to manufacture ammonia

117
Q

What can ammonia be used for?

A

To produce nitrogen-based fertilisers

118
Q

What are the raw materials involved in the haber process?

A

Nitrogen from air and hydrogen from methane

119
Q

Describe the haber process?

A

The purified gases are passed over a catalyst of iron at a high temperature (450°C) and a high-pressure (200 atm³)

120
Q

What happens in the haber process?

A

Some of the hydrogen and nitrogen reacts to form ammonia, the reaction is reversible so some of the ammonia breaks down into nitrogen and hydrogen

121
Q

What happens when the reversible reaction from the haber

process is cooled?

A

The ammonia liquefies and is removed and the remaining hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled

122
Q

What factors affect the cost of making ammonia?

A
  • cost of electricity and gas (continuous process)
  • cost of wages (night workers)
  • rate at which ammonia is made
  • cost of reactants
  • cost of equipment (needs to be high pressure)
  • pressure (more dangerous, can explode)
  • high temperature (expensive)
  • catalyst (specific one, expensive)
123
Q

Summarise the conditions for the haber process.

A
  • low temperature increases percentage yield but is too slow
  • High temperature increases rate of reaction but decreases percentage yield
  • High pressure increases percentage yield but is expensive
124
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you increase temperature?

A

Equilibrium shifts to the endothermic side

125
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you decrease temperature?

A

Equilibrium shifts to the exothermic side

126
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you increase pressure?

A

Equilibrium shifts to side with fewer moles

127
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you decrease pressure?

A

Equilibrium shifts to the side with more moles

128
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you increase the concentration of the reactants?

A

Equilibrium will shift to the right hand side creating more product and a higher percentage yield

129
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you decrease the concentration of the reactants?

A

Equilibrium will shift to the left Arnside creating more reactants and a lower percentage yield

130
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you add more acid?

A

The concentration of H+ ions has increased so the equilibrium will shift to the left hand side

131
Q

What happens to the equilibrium when you add more alkali?

A

The concentration on OH- ions increases and the equilibrium will shift to the right hand side as the OH- reacts with the H+ to form H2O and removes the H+ ions

132
Q

Which compounds are used as fertilisers?

A

Compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

133
Q

What are fertiliser used for?

A

To improve agricultural productivity

134
Q

What do NPK fertilisers contain?

A

Compounds of all three elements

135
Q

How can industrial production of NPK fertilisers be achieved?

A

By using raw materials in several integrated processes

136
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Formulations of various salts containing appropriate percentages of the elements

137
Q

What can ammonia be used to manufacture?

A

Ammonium salts and nitric acid

138
Q

Which materials used for fertilisers are obtained by mining?

A

Potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and phosphate rock

139
Q

Can phosphate rock be directly used as a fertiliser?

A

No

140
Q

How is phosphate rock used as fertiliser?

A

Phosphate rock is treated with nitric acid or sulphuric acid to produce soluble salts that can be used as fertilisers

141
Q

What salt is produced when phosphate group is treated with nitric acid?

A

Calcium nitrate

142
Q

What salt is formed when phosphate rock is treated with sulphuric acid?

A

Calcium phosphate + calcium sulphate

143
Q

What salt is produced when phosphate rock is treated with Phosphoric acid?

A

Calcium phosphate

Chemistry (11 decks)

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