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Drug Profiles > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug Class: insulin

A

peptide hormone

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2
Q

Insulin - how does it work?

A

stimulates glucose uptake, metabolism, absorption by skeletal muscle. Drives K into cells

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3
Q

Indications: insulin

A

type 1 diabetes, type II diabetes, hyperkalaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis

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4
Q

Contra-indications: insulin

A

renal impairment, hypoglycaemia

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5
Q

Side effects: insulin

A

hypoglycaemia, fat overgrowth, weight gain, hypersensitivity

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6
Q

Interactions: insulin

A

corticosteroids, B-blockers (mask warning signs of hypoglycaemia)

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7
Q

Drug class: gliclazide

A

Sulphonylureas

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8
Q

Gliclazide - how does it work?

A

stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion, block K channels, increases Ca in pancreatic B cells

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9
Q

Indications: gliclazide

A

type II diabetes, reduce metformin complications

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10
Q

Contra-indications: gliclazide

A

hepatic/renal/adrenal/pituitary insufficiency, malnutrition, elderly

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11
Q

Side effects: gliclazide

A

hypoglycaemia, fat overgrowth

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12
Q

Interactions: gliclazide

A

thiazide diuretics, metformin, insulin, prednisolone

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13
Q

Drug class: metformin

A

Biguanide

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14
Q

How does it work - metformin

A

increases insulin sensitivity, suppresses glucose production, reduces weight gain

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15
Q

Indications: metformin

A

type II diabetes

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16
Q

Contra-indications: metformin

A

renal/hepatic impairment, AKI, severe tissue hypoxia

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17
Q

Side effects: metformin

A

GI issues, lactic acidosis, hypoglcaemia

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18
Q

Interactions: metformin

A

alcohol, prednisolone

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19
Q

Example - thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine, liothyronine

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20
Q

How does it work? - thyroxine

A

mimics T4 to stimulate metabolism/growth

21
Q

Indications: thyroxine

A

hypothyroidism

22
Q

Contra-indications: thyroxine

A

coronary artery disease

23
Q

Side effects: thyroxine

A

GI upset, palpitations, arrhythmia, angina, tremor, restlessness

24
Q

Interactions: thyroxine

A

antacids, cytochrome p450 inducers, insulin, alcohol

25
Q

Example - anti-thyroid drugs

A

carbimazole

26
Q

How does it work - carbimazole

A

converted to methimazole. Inhibits tyrosine. Reduced T3/T4 production

27
Q

Indications: carbimazole

A

hyperthyroidism

28
Q

Contra-indications: carbimazole

A

pregnancy

29
Q

Side effects: carbimazole

A

GI problems, headache, rash, hypothyroidism

30
Q

interactions: carbimazole

A

calcium salts, NSAIDs

31
Q

Drug Class: colecalciferol

A

calcium salts

32
Q

how does it work? - colecalciferol

A

parathyroid hormones and vitamin D. Maintain calcium levels and bone mineralisation. Calcium binds phosphate to gut. Non-renal activated vitamin D source. Raises myocardial threshold potential, reduced excitability

33
Q

Indications: colecalciferol

A

osteoperosis, hyperparathyroidism, rickets, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, osteomalacia

34
Q

Contra-indications: colecalciferol

A

hypercalcaemia, metastatic calcification

35
Q

Side effects: colecalciferol

A

dyspepsia, constipation, cardiovascular damage, tissue damage

36
Q

Interactions: colecalciferol

A

bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, levothyroxine, calcium IV precipitation with sodium bicarbonate

37
Q

Example: bisphosphonates

A

aledronic acid

38
Q

How does it work? - aledronic acid

A

bone resorption, reduce bone marrow turnover, inhibit osteoclasts, less bone loss, more bone mass

39
Q

Indications: aledronic acid

A

osteoporotic fractures, malignant hypercalcaemia, Pagets disease, bone metastasis

40
Q

Contra-indications: aledronic acid

A

renal impairment, hypcalcaemia, upper GI issues, smokers

41
Q

Side effects: aledronic acid

A

oesophagitis, hypophosphataemia, jaw osteonecrosis

42
Q

Interactions: aledronic acid

A

calcium salts, antacids, iron salts

43
Q

Example - mineralcorticoids

A

fludrocortisone

44
Q

How does it work? - fludrocortisone

A

replaces aldosterone. Causes an increase in ion and water transport. increased extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure and decreased K level

45
Q

Indications - fludrocortisone

A

postural hypotension, adrenal insufficiency, Addison’s disease

46
Q

Contra-indications: fludrocortisone

A

TB, fungal infections, hypothyroidism, diabetes

47
Q

Side effects: fludrocortisone

A

hypertension, swelling, heart failure, hypokalaemia

48
Q

Interactions: fludrocortisone

A

diuretics, NSAIDs

Drug Profiles (3 decks)

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