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Biology Year 2 > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Which artery supplies the kidneys

A

Renal Artery

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2
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

homeostatic control of blood water potential

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3
Q

What is the filtering unit of the kidney?

A

the Nephron

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4
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for osmoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Which hormone acts on the collecting duct

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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6
Q

Where is ADH released from

A

Posterior Pituitary gland

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7
Q

What does ADH do in the kidney

A
  • acts on the collecting duct and distal convoluted tubules
  • makes them more permeable to water
  • makes urine more concentrated
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8
Q

Describe the process of osmoregulation in a dehydrated person

A
  • blood water potential decreases
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect low water potential in the blood
  • more ADH secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  • DCT and CD made more permeable to water
  • more water reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • more concentrated urine
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9
Q

What are the sections of the kidneys

A
  • Capsule
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
  • Pelvis
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10
Q

Describe the process of selective reabsorption of Na+ from the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule to the blood

A
  • Na+ brought into the cells of the PCT down its concentration gradient through co transport with glucose and Cl- (from a high concentration in the lumen of the PCT to a low concentration of the cells of the PCT) PASSIVE
  • glucose moves into the blood down its concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion- PASSIVE)
  • Na+ actively transported out of cell into blood through Na+ K+ pump ACTIVE
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11
Q

Why would the length of Loop of Henle change between species?

A

species living in hot climate need to conserve more water thus have a longer Loop of Henle

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12
Q

What takes the waste product from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureter

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13
Q

Name the different sections of the nephron

A
  • Glomerulus (inside the Bowman’s Capsule)
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting duct
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14
Q

How do the kidneys maintain a higher blood pressure than the rest of the body

A

afferent arterioles are wider then efferent

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15
Q

What processes do the kidneys do?

A
  • ultrafiltration
  • selective reabsorption
  • excretion
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16
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus

A

Ultrafiltration

17
Q

Describe the process of ultrafiltration?

A
  • Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery
  • high blood pressure (caused by the afferent arterioles being wider than the efferent arterioles) forces liquid and dissolved solutes out of the blood
  • tissue fluid collects in the Bowman’s Capsule
18
Q

What is the glomerulus

A

a network of capillaries within the Bowman’s Capsule

19
Q

Where does selective reabsorption happen

A

in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

20
Q

What percentage of reabsorption happens in the PCT

A

80%

21
Q

What is reabsorbed in the PCT

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • water
22
Q

How are the cells of PCT adapted for its function

A

large surface area- microvilli

many mitochondria- for active transport of Na+

23
Q

Why do the cells of the PCT contain many Mitochondria

A

ATP is needed for active transport of Na+ into the blood

24
Q

What is the function of the Loop of Henle

A

to create an area of high solute concentration (and therefore low water potential) in the medulla

25
Q

Describe how the Loop of Henle causes the reabsorption of water from the filtrate

A
  • the Ascending Loop of Henle is more permeable to salts
  • ions move out of the lumen of the Ascending Loop of Henle to the medulla by diffusion lower down the ascending Loop of Henle and by active transport further up
  • this lowers the water potential of the medulla
  • water moves out of the descending loop of Henle down its osmotic gradient and are absorbed into the blood
  • this gradient also causes water to move out of the collecting ducts
  • some Na+ and Cl- ions diffuse into the Descending Loop of Henle
26
Q

What layers does the filtrate need to pass through to leave the blood and enter the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Endothelium (single cell layer of the capillaries)
Basement membrane- (glycoprotein and collagen mesh)
Podocyte layer- foot like projections that fit together with a gap

27
Q

Describe the process of osmoregulation in a hydrated person

A
  • blood water potential increases
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect high water potential in the blood
  • less ADH secreted by posterior pituitary gland
  • DCT and CD less permeable to water
  • less water reabsorbed from collecting duct
  • less concentrated urine
28
Q

Describe the process of selective reabsorption of Na+ from the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule to the blood

A
  • Na+ brought into the cells of the PCT down its concentration gradient through co transport with glucose and Cl- (from a high concentration in the lumen of the PCT to a low concentration of the cells of the PCT) PASSIVE
  • glucose moves into the blood down its concentration gradient (facilitated diffusion- PASSIVE)
  • Na+ actively transported out of cell into blood through Na+ K+ pump ACTIVE
29
Q

What is the is the descending Loop of Henle permeable to

A
  • water

- salts (Na+, Cl-)

30
Q

What is the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A

mechanism by which at all points in the loop of Henle the solute concentration is higher in the ascending Loop of Henle than the Descending Loop of Henle

31
Q

What is the ascending Loop of Henle permeable to

A

salts only

in reality it is slightly permeable to water but a lot less than the descending loop

Biology Year 2 (12 decks)

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