Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro Physiology > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is human hearing range?

A

20hz-20,000hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

Collects sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Transmits sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Converts sound into neural impulses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give the components of the outer ear.

A

Auricle, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give the components of the middle ear.

A

Hammer, anvil, stirrup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give the components of the inner ear.

A

Semicircular canals, oval window, cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the middle ear?

A

Temporal bone of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which nerve innervates the middle ear?

A

CN IX : Glossopharyngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What connects the middle ear to the pharynx?

A

Eustachian tube. This exposes the middle ear to atmospheric pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes a difference in pressure between the middle and outer ear?

A

Changes in altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vibrations of the tympanic membrane transmit to the inner ear via which bones?

A

Ossicles (smallest bones in body) which have synovial joints:
Malleus
Incus
Stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the cochlear air or fluid filled?

A

Fluid filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What membrane lies between the middle and inner ear?

A

Oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which muscles in the middle ear control the amount of energy transmitted to the inner ear?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which nerve innervates tensor tympani?

A

CN V, V3

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which nerve innervates stapedius?

A

CN VII

Facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which bone does tensor tympani attach to?

A

Malleus

19
Q

Which bone does stapedius attach to?

A

Stapes

20
Q

Which membranous tube divides the cochlear lengthwise?

A

Cochlear duct

Contains sensory receptors

21
Q

What fluid does the cochlea duct contain?

A

Endolymph: high K+, low Na+

22
Q

What structures lie above and below the cochlear duct?

A

Above: Scala vestibuli
Below: Scala tympani

23
Q

Briefly outline the path of sound transmission in the ear.

A

External acoustic meatus > Tympanic membrane > Ossicles > Oval window >
Scala vestibuli > Cochlear duct > Organ of Corti

24
Q

What are the receptor cells on the Organ of Corti called?

A

Hair cells. They are mechanoreceptors that have stereo-cilia. There are inner and outer hair cells.

25
Q

What is the function of inner hair cells?

A

Stereo-cilia extend into the endolymph. They convert pressure waves caused by movement of cochlear fluid into receptor potentials.

26
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

Stereo-cilia are embedded in overlying tectorial membrane. They mechanically alter its movement to sharpen frequency tuning.

27
Q

What are the spiral ganglion and where do they lie?

A

These are the cell bodies of cochlear nerve fibres. They lie within the cochlea.

28
Q

Briefly outline the pathway of neural transmission in hearing.

A

Cochlear nerve > Second order neurones in pons > Superior olivary nucleus > Inferior colliculus of midbrain > Inferior branchium nerve fibre > Medial geniculate body of thalamus > Internal capsule > Primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe

29
Q

What region of the temporal lobe surrounds the primary auditory cortex?

A

Wernicke’s area

30
Q

What happens if Wernicke’s area is damaged?

A

Wernicke’s area processes language in the brain. If damaged, the patient will not be able to understand speech and their speech will be incomprehensible.

31
Q

What nerve is the cochlear nerve a branch of?

A

CN VIII

Vestibulocochlear nerve

32
Q

What does I’M Auditory stand for?

A

Inferior colliculus, Medial geniculate body, for Auditory information

33
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Acute unilateral inflammation of facial nerve. Results in pain behind the ear, paralysis of facial muscles and failure to close eye.

34
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus?

A

Found in the inner ear. A series of endolymph-filled membranous tubes.

35
Q

What are the two sac swellings in the vestibular apparatus?

A

Utricle and saccule.

36
Q

How many semicircular canals does the vestibular apparatus contain?

A

Three

37
Q

What is the function of the semicircular canals?

A

They detect angular acceleration during rotation of the head.

38
Q

How is glutamate linked to the direction of stereo-cilia movement?

A

Each hair cell receptor has one direction of maximum glutamate release. When bent in one direction, the receptor cell depolarises. When bent in the opposite direction, the receptor cell hyperpolarises.

39
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Rapid jerky movement of the eyes. Caused by damage to semicircular canals on one side.

40
Q

What is the function of the utricle and saccule?

A

They provide information about linear acceleration of the head and changes in head position in relation to gravity.

41
Q

How do the hair cells in the utricle stand?

A

They point straight up when the body is standing. They respond when the head is tipped away from the horizontal plane.

42
Q

How do the hair cells in the saccule stand?

A

They project at right angles to those of the utricle. They respond when you move from lying down to a standing position.

43
Q

What are otoliths?

A

Calcium carbonate crystals in a gelatinous substance that cover stereo-cilia.

44
Q

Briefly outline the usage of vestibular information.

A
  1. Control of eye movement. In spite of head movement, eyes can remain fixed on the same point.
  2. Reflex mechanisms of maintaining upright posture and balance
  3. Conscious awareness of the position and acceleration of the body i.e. proprioception.

Neuro Physiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions