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CardioRenal III > Physiology 1 Renal Function > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

What volume of plasma of does the kidney filter per day

A

180 L

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2
Q

How much filtered water and sodium are reabsorbed

A

98-99% of the filter water and sodium are reabsorbed

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3
Q

How much of the filtered biocarbonate and amino acids are reabsorbed

A

virtually all

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4
Q

What is the typical urine output

A

1-2 L/day

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5
Q

How does the kidney maintain homeostasis across a wide range of physiological conditions

A

1.) Adjust blood flow to the glomerular capillaries 2.) Adjust glomerular filtration rate 2.) Alter the absorptive capacity of the nephron

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6
Q

Long term regulation of blood pressure

A

achieved through renal handling of sodium - determines the movement of water and extracellular fluid volume

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7
Q

what drives the system for regulation of effective circulatory volume

A

Na-K-ATPase (renal handling of sodium that determines the movement of water)

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8
Q

List the functions of the Kidney

A

1.) Long term regulation of blood pressure 2.) Regulation of plasma ionic compositin, pH and osmolality 3.) Exretion of metabolis end products 4.) Excretion of non-metabolized dietary substances 5.) Activation of vitamin D 6.) Endocrine functions

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9
Q

Describe relationship of dietary intake and excretion at steady state

A

at steady state intake= excretion

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10
Q

What endocrine functions does the kidney serve

A

1.) secretion of renin (juxtaglomerular cells ) 2.) Secretion of erythropoietin 3.) Metabolism of hormones and drugs

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11
Q

Effective circulating volume

A

the pressure in the system- the kidneys can only respond to pressure (interpret low pressure as low volume and begins to reabsorb sodium so that water will follow to increase effective circulating fluid volume)

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12
Q

How does the kidney regular plasma ionic composition and pH

A

1.) Reabsorption (and or metabolism) of filtered solutes 2.) Secretion of substances leading to excretion 2.) Excretion of daily acid load ( H+ secretion, HCO3- reabsorption and formation of titratable acid and NH4 in urine)

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13
Q

Regulation of plasma osmolality

A

Determines intracellular fluid volume. ADH-dependent reabsorption of “free water” in the distal nephron- kidney has the ability to conserve water and procuse a concentrated urine by retaining free water

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14
Q

where is renin released

A

Renin is released from afferent arteriaoles- acts in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone cascade

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15
Q

When is erythropoeintin released

A

in chronic hypoxemia (EPO increased the production of RBC)

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16
Q

When is urodilin released

A

in response to increased ECV

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17
Q

Active calcium regulation in the kidney

A

Activation of vitamin D in response to parathyroid hormone (low plasma Ca2+)

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18
Q

When are nateuritic factors released

A

in hypervolemic states- increase sodium excretion to get rid of water

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19
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron (1,000,000 per kidney) Types: Cortical and Juxtamedullary

20
Q

Describe the arrangement of glomerular capillaries within a renal corpuscle- what is the consequence of this

A

arranged in parallel- low resistance and high surface area

21
Q

What are the resistance vessels of the renal corpuscle

A

Efferent arteriole

22
Q

What allows for the high filtration rate in the glomerulus

A

two arteriles in series (affternt arteriole to glomerlar capillaries to efferent arteriole)

23
Q

Proximal Tubule

A

Cuboidal cells with brush border, many mitochondria, and basolateral invaginations = High Reabsorptive capacity

24
Q

Describe the reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubule

A

Reabsorbs 65% of filtered sodium and water and nearly all of the bicarbonate, glucose, phosphate,and amino acids

25
Q

What are the physiologically distict regions of the loop of henle

A

1.) Thin descending segment 2.) Thin ascending segment 3.) Thick ascending segment

26
Q

Three functionally distinct segments of the distal nephron

A

1.) Distal tubule 2.) Connecting segment 3.) Collecting tubule

27
Q

Cortical connecting tubule cell types

A

1.) Connecting tubule cells (produce and release kallikrein) 2.) Intercallated cells ( involved in handling H+, HCO3, and K+)

28
Q

Cortical collecting tubule cell types

A

1.) Principle cells ( handling Na and K) 2.) Intercalated Cells ( involved in H+, HCO3, and K)

29
Q

Sympathetic respone

A

Blood vessels constrict, Juxtaglomerular cells (B1) release renin

30
Q

Effect of increased sympathetic tone on reabsorption of solute and water

A

increased sympathetic tone causes increased absorption of solute and water

31
Q

Is excretion a function of the nephron

A

NO the nephron can filter, reabsorb and secrete

32
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Water and solutes (up to 5000 MW) are freely filtered - plasma proteins are NOT freely filtered

33
Q

Average GFR

A

~125 ml/min or 180 L/ day ( passing your plasma volume through your kidneys 60 times a day)

34
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

solutes and water that have been flitered mover OUT of the tubula rlume and ultimately enter the peritubular capillaries through 1.) Paracellular route (between cells - through intercellular junctions) 2.) Transcellular route (aquaporins in luminal and abluminal membranes

35
Q

Mechanisms of solute reabsorption

A

1.) Passive Diffusion (down a concentration gradient) 2.) Passive transport (facillitated diffusion) 3.) Active transport - Primary and Secondary

36
Q

Co-transport (Symport)

A

two substances move in the same direction across a cell membrane ( down concentration gradient for one - ex: Na-Glucose, 2NA-Phosphate)

37
Q

Counter-transport (Antiport)

A

Two substanced move in OPPOSITE direction cross the membrane (down the concentration gradient for one of them) Ex: Na-H

38
Q

What makes water move

A

Osmotic gradient- water follows soulte

39
Q

Tubular secretion

A

solutes move INTO the tubular lumen from tubular cells or the interstitial space/peritubular capillaries. Important for the excretion of NH3, metabolic biproducts, drugs, and chemicals

40
Q

Describe the Reabsorption and Secretion of Inulin and Creatinine

A

Freely filtered, Not reabsorbed, not secreted

41
Q

Describe the reabsorption and secretion of urea and phosphate

A

freely filtered, partially absorpbed, not secreted

42
Q

Describe the reabsorption and secretion of glucose

A

Freely filtered, ALL reabsorbed, not secreted

43
Q

Descrive the reabsorption and secretion of PAH

A

Freely filtered, not reabsorbed, ALL secreted

44
Q

Starting forces of glomerular capillaries

A

hydrostatic > oncotic resulting in filtration

45
Q

Starling forces in preitubular capillaries

A

oncotic> hydrostatic resulting in reabsorption

CardioRenal III (13 decks)

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