Chapter 5 and 6

Question 1

What are the three levels of Policing that exist in Canada?

Answer 1

Municipal (66%), Provincial (15%), RCMP (6.7%)

Question 2

What is within the jurisdiction of the RCMP?

Answer 2

Has complete responsibility in all provinces and territories for enforcing federal statutes, carrying out executive orders, and providing security for dignitaries

Question 3

Why is diversity in Police organizations important?

Answer 3

A police force that reflects the demographics of its community can gain the public’s confidence and dispel any views that the organization is biased

Question 4

Even with a stress on diversity, what group(s) seems to lack representation?

Answer 4

The number of women has been very low, it wasn’t until 1970 that it was recommended that all police organizations hire and train women

Question 5

When was the first woman police chief?

Answer 5

The first woman chief of police in Canada was appointed in Guelph, in 1994

Question 6

What have surveys told us about how Aboriginals feel about Police officers?

Answer 6

They do not feel that the police operate on their behalf or correspond to any aboriginal influence in their communities

Question 7

How was policing of the First nations peoples in the 80s and 90s?

Answer 7

They were over policed as much of police focus was on members of aboriginal communities

Question 8

When was the Aboriginal policing services established?

Answer 8

The Amerindian police were established in 1978 in Quebec

Question 9

What was the goal of the Amerindian Police?

Answer 9

To change the conventional policing approach and become more sensitive to the needs of aboriginal communities

Question 10

What were some things that the First Nation Policing Policy changed?

Answer 10

• Helped improve social order and personal safety in aboriginal communities
• Supported First Nations in acquiring tools for them to be self-sufficient and self-governing
• Provided a practical way to improve the administration of justice for First Nations

Question 11

What are the two options for Aboriginal policing under the FNPP?

Answer 11

• Self-administered police service (community has their own separate force)
• Community tripartite Agreements: signed between the government and the governing body of the First nations (RCMP provide police services)

Question 12

What is the occupational culture of policing based on?

Answer 12

Accepted practices, rules and principles of conduct, and generalized beliefs

Question 13

What are some aspects of police culture?

Answer 13

• Belief that police are only real crime fighters
• No one else understands the nature of police work
• Loyalty to colleagues counts above everything else
• Members of the public are unsupportive and unreasonably demanding

Question 14

What is the blue curtain?

Answer 14

The value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers

Question 15

What is police cynicism?

Answer 15

Characterized by a rejection of the ideals of justice and truth-values that a police officer is sworn to uphold and protect

Question 16

Why was Proactive policing introduced?

Answer 16

It was introduced with the intention of rebuilding the principle of policing by consent - engaging in positive measures in order to control crime

Question 17

What are hot spot patrols?

Answer 17

Idea based on the realization that crime is not a random phenomenon but rather occurs at specific locations at certain times, which accounts for majority of calls for service

Question 18

How can results of hot spot patrols help policing?

Answer 18

Results of hot spot patrols indicate that police can reduce the target crime, although it is not known whether they actually reduce crime or merely force it into other areas (displacement effect)

Question 19

What is the broken windows model?

Answer 19

social invisibilities (loitering and public drinking) and physical invisibilities (vacant lots and abandoned buildings) cause residents and workers in a neighbourhood to be fearful of crime.

Question 20

What are the four components of the Broken Windows model?

Answer 20

Neighbourhood disorder creates fear > Neighbourhoods give out crime-promoting signals > Serious criminals move in > Police need citizen’s cooperation

Question 21

What is community policing?

Answer 21

Involving community members (businesspeople, residents, and school teachers) as key members in the creation of safe communities

Question 22

What are the three basic aims of community policing?

Answer 22

• Formation of community partnerships
• Organizational Change
• Problem solving

Question 23

What is problem-oriented policing?

Answer 23

Instead of spending most of their time responding to citizen’s calls about criminal incidents, the police would become more proactive by directing their energies to the causes of crimes and complaints in an attempt to modify them

Question 24

What are the four stages of Problem-oriented policing?

Answer 24

• Scanning: Officer identifies issues
• Analysis: Officer collects information about the problem
• Response: Solutions are developed and implemented
• Assessment: Collect information about the effectiveness

Question 25

What is Intelligence-led policing?

Answer 25

Emphasizes the interagency sharing of information, and crime analysis is used as the core of decision making

Based on the idea that reactive policing practices lack predictive value since they respond to criminal incidents after they have been committed

Question 26

What is Zero-Tolerance Policing?

Answer 26

Based on the broken window approach

A rigid and inflexible “law and order” approach to minor violations of the law, particularly those that are thought to cause fear of crime in neighbourhoods

Question 27

What is Predictive Policing?

Answer 27

a policing strategy or tactic that improves the “situation awareness of law enforcement concerning individuals or locations before criminal activity occurs”

Question 28

What are the key elements of predictive policing?

Answer 28

• Integrated information and operations
• Seeing the big picture
• Cutting-edge analysis and technology
• Linkage to performance
• Adaptability to changing conditions

Question 29

What is the preventative approach to policing?

Answer 29

• Police “walked the beat” and presence deterred crime

- Focus on social service and order maintenance

Question 30

What is the Reactive approach to policing?

Answer 30

• Shift to crime-fighting focus
• Centralized police authority
• Creation of specialized police units (e.g. homicide unit)
• Motorized patrols instead of foot patrols
• Focus on calls for service, crime rates, and response times

Question 31

What are some critiques of the professional model of policing?

Answer 31

Incident-driven response ineffective at controlling crime; Even if arrest rate is high, incarceration rate is low; Constant changes in technology mean changes in police operation and crimes; Increase in importance of private security; Increased pressure to cooperate to address transnational criminal activity

Question 32

What are the five types of plural policing?

Answer 32

• Policing by government: the traditional approach
• Policing through government: activities funded by the government but delivered by other agencies outside of the police
• Policing about government: transnational policing actions involving international agencies
• Policing beyond government: Actions funded and delivered primarily by private security organizations
• Policing below government: Community activities and self-policing