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OCR A-Level Psychology > Methodological Issues > Flashcards

Methodological Issues Flashcards

1
Q

Representativeness

A

The extent to which a sample is typical of the key features of the target population so is likely to produce findings that can be generalised

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2
Q

Generalisability

A

The extent to which findings from one sample or situation can be applied to another sample or situation

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3
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a measure

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4
Q

Internal Reliability

A

The consistory of results of a test across items within the test

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5
Q

External Reliability

A

The extent to which a test produces the same results in the same situation with the same people or the extent to which a test score varies from one time to another

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6
Q

Inter-Rater Reliability

A

The extent to which two researchers consistently rate, score or observe the same behaviour and the sets of ratings.

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7
Q

Test-Retest Reliability

A

A way to test reliability by using the same test twice

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8
Q

Split-Half Reliability

A

A way to test internal reliability by comparing two halves of a test

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9
Q

Validity

A

How accurate a piece of research is at at measuring what it aims to measure

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10
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which the procedures within a study achieve the intended manipulations and measures. High internal validity means researchers can be sure that changes in the dependent variable are caused by the independent variable.

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11
Q

Face Validity

A

The extent to which a measure has ‘face value’ and appears to test what it claims to.

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12
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which the phenomenon being measured actually exists

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13
Q

Concurrent Validity

A

The extent to which different measures of the same phenomenon produce similar results in the same circumstances, at the same time.

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14
Q

Criterion Validity

A

The extent to which one measure of a phenomenon predicts the value of another measure of the same phenomenon.

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15
Q

Population Validity

A

The extent to which the findings from one sample can be generalised to the whole of the target population

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16
Q

Ecological Validity

A

The extend to which findings from one situation generalise to other situations; the extent to which a piece of research is accurately measuring real life

17
Q

Demand Characterists

A

Cures of features of an experiment or situation that indicate to participants the aim of the study and so influence their behaviour

18
Q

Social Desirability

A

The tendency of participants to respond or behave in ways they think reflect what is acceptable in society rather that how they actually want to respond or behave.

19
Q

Researcher Bias

A

Tendency for a researcher to act in ways that influence the results due to such things as their own beliefs, culture or gender

20
Q

Observer Bias

A

The tendency for an observer to ‘see what they want to see’ and so record behaviours that they believe should or will occur rather that recording behaviours that actually occur.

21
Q

Researcher effects

A

Negative Influences researchers can have on a study by such things as their presence, beliefs, culture and gender

22
Q

Observer Effects

A

Influences that observers can have on a study by such things as their presence, beliefs, culture, gender, when the observer is overt or when their role becomes apparent to participants.

23
Q

Ethical Issues covered by RESPECT

A

Informed Consent, Right to Withdraw, Confidentiality

24
Q

The ethical area of COMPETENCE

A

The need for psychologists to work within their own capabilities, not giving advice to participants if not qualified to do so, and to check their research with peers. It clarifies the end for psychologists to monitor their own work and with other’s competence in carrying out research appropriately.

25
Q

Ethical Guidelines under RESPONSIBILITY

A

Protection of Participants, debrief

26
Q

Ethical Guidelines under INTEGRITY

A

Deception

27
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants should have sufficient knowledge about a study to decide whether or not they want to agree to take part

28
Q

Right to Withdraw

A

Participants should be aware that they can remove themselves and their data from the study at any time

29
Q

Confidentiality

A

Participants’ results and personal information should be kept safely and not released to anyone outside the study

30
Q

Protection of Participants

A

Participants should not be put at any greater physical or psychological risk than they would expect in their everyday lives

31
Q

Debrief

A

A full explanation of the aims and potential consequences of a study should be given to participants after they have taken part to ensure they leave in at least as positive a condition as their arrival.

32
Q

Deception

A

Participants should not be deliberately misinformed about the aim or the procedure of the study.

OCR A-Level Psychology (6 decks)

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