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Biology IB > 5.3 Classification of biodiversity > Flashcards

5.3 Classification of biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the binomial system?

A

The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
It consists of two words, the first name is the genus name. A genus is a group of species that share certain characteristics. The second name is the species or specific name.

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2
Q

What is a genus

A

A genus is a group of species that share certain characteristics. CAPITAL LETTER

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3
Q

What are the two names of the binomial system?

A

It consists of two words, the first name is the genus name. A genus is a group of species that share certain characteristics. The second name is the species or specific name.

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4
Q

What are the rules of the binomial system?

A

The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.
When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
It consists of two words, the first name is the genus name. A genus is a group of species that share certain characteristics. The second name is the species or specific name.

1) The genus name begins with a capital letter and the species name with a lower case letter.
2) in hyped or printed text, a binomial is shown in italics
3) After the binomial name has been used once in the text it can be abbreviated to the initial letter of the genus name with the full species name.
4) The earliest published name, for a species, from 1753 onwards for plants, or 1758 for animals is the correct one.

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5
Q

What does taxa mean?

A

is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.

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6
Q

What are the three domains all organisms are classified into>

A

It used to be 2, as prokaryotes and eukaryotes however this is now wrong as we have realised the diversity of prokaryotes.

So now we use: Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota.

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7
Q

What are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota?

A

They are the three domains all organisms are categorised into.

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8
Q

What are Archatea?

A

A DOMAIN
microorganisms which are similar to bacteria in size and simplicity of structure but radically different in molecular organization. They are now believed to constitute an ancient group which is intermediate between the bacteria and eukaryotes.

They are found in the ocean surface, deep ocean sediments and even oil deposits far below the surface of the earth. They are often found in extreme habitats such as water with a very high salt content or temperatures close to boiling. The methanogens are obligate anaerobes and give off methane as a waste product of their metabolism.

  • They have proteins similar to histones bound to their DNA.
  • Introns present in some genes
  • The cell walls are not made of peptidoglycan
  • The cell membrane is made of glycerol-ether lipids; unbranched side chains; I-form of glycerol
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9
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

A DOMAIN

  • No histones
  • No introns
  • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan
  • Glycerol-ester lipids, unbranched side chains and d-form of glycerol
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10
Q

What are Eukaryota?

A

A DOMAIN

  • They have histones
  • Have introns
  • Cell walls not always present and not made of peptidoglycan
  • Cell membrane made from glycerol ester lipids, unbranched side chains, d-form of glycerol
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11
Q

Where do virus’s sit in the classification system?

A

Virus’s are not classified as any three of the domains. Although they have genes coding proteins using the same genetic code as living organisms they have too few of the characteristics of life to be regarded as living.

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12
Q

How do taxa do down once you have established they are Eukaryota?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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13
Q

What are the four kingdoms?

A

Plants, animals, fungi and protoctista.

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14
Q

What are protist?

A

The singular of protoctista. A protist is any eukaryotic organism that has cells with nuclei and is not an animal, plant or fungus.

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15
Q

What is natural classification?

A

All members of a genus or higher taxon should have a common ancestor.

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16
Q

What would be unnatural or artificial classification?

A

Unnatural or artificial classification would be one in which birds, bats and insects are grouped together for example simply because they all fly. This is wrong, flight evolved separately in these groups and as they do not share a common ancestor they differ in many ways. It would not be appropriate to classify them together other than to place then all in the animal kingdom.

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17
Q

What are some advantages of natural classification?

A

Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group.

1) Identification of species is easier. If an unknown specimen is found then it can be identified by at first assigning it to its kingdom and then the phylum etc. Dichotomous keys can help with this.
2) As the members of a group have evolved from a common ancestral species, they inherit similar characteristics and therefore it allows us to predict the characteristics of species within a group. For example, if a chemical that is useful as a drug is found in one plant in a genus then it is likely to be found in other species in the genus.

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18
Q

What is a dichotomous key?

A

A dichotomous key consists of a numbered series of pairs of descriptions. One matches the organism and one does not.

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19
Q

What are the four plant phyla?

A

Bryophyta - mosses, liverworts and hornworts
Filicinophyta - ferns
Coniferophyta - conifers
Angiospermophyta - flowering plants

20
Q

What are Bryophyta?

A

A plant phyla

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts are part of this phyla

21
Q

What are Filicinopyta?

A

A plant phyla

Ferns

22
Q

What are coniferophyta?

A

A plant phyla

Conifers

23
Q

What are angiospermophyta?

A

A plant phyla

Flowering plants

24
Q

Of the plant phyla which have vegetative organs?

A

These organs are parts of the plant concerned with growth rather than reproduction.

Bryophyta - have rhizoids (outgrowth or hair) but no true roots. Some with simple stems and leaves; other only have a thallus (a plant body that is not differentiated into parts)

Then
FILICINOPHYTA CONIFEROPHYTA and ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA
All have roots, stems and leaves

25
Q

Of the plant phyla which have vascular tissue?

A

Vascular tissue is tissues with tubular structures used for transport in the plant.

Bryophyta - No xylem or phloem

Then
FILICINOPHYTA CONIFEROPHYTA and ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA
all have a xylem and a phloem

26
Q

Of the plant phyla which have Cambium?

A

Cambium are cells between the xylem and phloem that can produce more of these tissues.

Bryophyta - have no xylem, phloem or cambium
Filicinophyta - have no cambium either

CONIFEROPHYTA and ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA have cambium in order to thicken the stems and roots and development of plants into trees and shrubs.

27
Q

What are Cambium?

A

Cambium are cells between the xylem and phloem that can produce more of these tissues.

28
Q

Of the plant phyla which have pollen?

A

Pollen are small structures containing male gametes that are dispersed.
Bryophyta and Filicinophyta do not have polen

Coniferophyta - the male cones produce pollen
Angiospermophyta - pollen is produced by the anthers in flowers

29
Q

What is pollen?

A

Pollen are small structures containing male gametes that are dispersed.

30
Q

Of the plant phyla which have ovules?

A

Ovules contains a female gamete and develops into a seed after fertilisation.

Bryophyta and filicinophyta do not have ovules

In the coniferophyta the ovules are produced in the female cones
In the angiospermophyta the ovules are enclosed inside the ovaries in flowers.

31
Q

What are ovules?

A

Ovules contains a female gamete and develops into a seed after fertilisation.

32
Q

Of the plant phyla which have seed?

A

The bryophyta and the filicinophyta do not disperse seeds. The coniferophyta and the angiospermophyta do.

33
Q

Of the plant phyla which produce fruits?

A

Only the angiospermophyta produce fruits to disperse their speeds.

34
Q

What are the animal phyla?

A 
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
35
Q

What are the features of the porifera?

A

These are fan sponges, cup sponges, tube sponges, glass sponges.

  • No mouth or anus
  • No symmetry
  • Internal spicules (internal needles) as a skeleton
    Many pores over the surface through which water is drawn in for feeding. Very varied shapes.
36
Q

What are the features of the Cnidaria?

A

These are hydras, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones.

They only have a mouth
They have radial symmetry (circle)
They have a soft, but hard corals secrete CaCO3 skeleton
They have tentacles arranged in rings around the mouth, with stinging cells.

37
Q

What are the features of the platyhelminthes?

A 
These are flatworms, flukes, tapeworms.
They have a mouth only
They have bilateral symmetry
They are soft with no skeleton
They have flat and thin bodies in the shape of a ribbon. No blood system or system for gas exchange
38
Q

What are the features of the Mollusca?

A

They are bivalves, gastropods, snails, chitons, quid, octopus.
They have a mouth and anus
They have bilateral symmetry
Most have a shell made of CaCO3
A fold in the body wall called the mantle secretes the shell. A hard rasping radula is used for feeding.

39
Q

What are the features of the Annelida?

A

These are marine, bristle worms, oligochaetes and leeches.
They have a mouth and anus.
They have bilateral symmetry
They have an internal cavity with fluid under pressure
They have bodies made of many ring shaped segments, often bristles

40
Q

What are the features of the Arthropoda?

A

These are insects, arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods
They have a mouth and anus
They have bilateral symmetry
They have an external skeleton made of plates of chitin
They have segmented bodies and legs or other appendages with joints between the sections.

41
Q

What are the groups of vertebrates?

A 
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
42
Q

What are the qualities of bony ray fish?

A

They have scales with are bony plates in the skin
Gills covered by an operculum (gill cover) with one gill slit
No limbs
Fins supported by rays
Eggs and sperm released for external fertilisation
Remain in water throughout their life cycle
Swim bladder containing gas for buoyancy
Do not maintain a constant body temperature

43
Q

What are the qualities of Amphibians?

A

FROG
Soft moist skin permeable to water and gases
Simply lungs with small folds and moist skin for gas exchange
They have pentadactyl limbs
Four legs when adult
Eggs and sperm released for external fertilisation
Larval stage that live in water and adult that lives on land
Eggs coated in protective jelly
Do not maintain a constant body temperature

44
Q

What are the qualities of reptiles?

A

LIZARDS
Impermeable skin covered in scales or keratin
Lungs with extensive folding to increase surface area
Pentadactyl limbs
Four legs
Sperm passed to female for internal fertilisation
Female lays eggs with soft shells
Teeth of all one type with no living parts
Do not maintain a constant body temp

45
Q

What are the qualities of birds?

A 
Skin with feathers made of keratin
Lungs with para-bronical tubes, ventilated with air sacs
Pentadactyl limbs
Two legs and two wings
Sperm passed to females for internal fertilisation
Female lays eggs with hard shells 
Beak but no teeth
Maintain constant body temperature
46
Q

What are the qualities of mammals?

A

Skin has follicles with air made from keratin
Lungs with alveoli ventilated using ribs and diaphragm
Pentadactyl limbs
Four legs
Sperm passes into female for fertilisation
Most give birth to live young
Teeth of different types
Maintain constant body temperature

47
Q

What is keratin?

A

A fibrous protein, making hair, scales and feathers

Biology IB (57 decks)

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