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Biol 66 - Human Physiology > Chapter 17 Physiology of the Kidney > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Physiology of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

main function of the renal system

A 
regulates blood volume
eliminates organic waste products
regulates balance of electrolytes, molecules and nutrients
maintain acid base balance/pH of plasma 
all through urine
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2
Q

kidneys

A

formation of urine
water and electrolyte balance
secretion of toxins and drugs
gluconeogenesis

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3
Q

ureters

A

transfer of urine to bladder

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4
Q

urinary bladder

A

storage of micturition (urination) via urethra

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5
Q

urethra

A

micturition

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6
Q

what does urine form from

A

filtration of blood

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7
Q

outer layer of kidney

A

renal cortex

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8
Q

inner layer of the kidney

A

renal medulla

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9
Q

functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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10
Q

what causes uine to flow

A

contraction of smooth muscle in urter

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11
Q

base of the bladder

A

internal urethral sphincter

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12
Q

surrounds urthra, contraction prevents urination

A

external urethral sphincter

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13
Q

composition of nephron

A

renal corpuscle

tubule

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14
Q

how does arterial blood enter the kidney

A

through renal arteries

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15
Q

glomerulus

A

ball shaped capillary network

produces blood filtrate that enters tubule

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16
Q

what brings blood to glomerulus and how does remaining blood leave glomerulus

A

through afferent and efferent arterioles

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17
Q

how much blood leaves glomerulus again

A

80%

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18
Q

veins that drain remaining blood from kidney

A

renal vein

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19
Q

glomerular capsule/Bowman´s capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus

filtration

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20
Q

proximal convoluted tubes of the nephron

A

reabsorbtion of salt, water, etc into peritubular capillaries

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21
Q

parts of nephron

A 
glomerular capsule/Bowman´s capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
descending and ascending limb of loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
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22
Q

fluid filtration

A

out of glomerulus into glomerular capsule

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23
Q

pores in glomerular capillaries

A

fenestrae

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24
Q

percent of blood that flows into glomerular capsule

A

20%

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25
Q

what makes filter through fenestrae

A

hydrostatic pressure of the cardiac pump

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26
Q

movement of fluid from glomerulus into glomerular capsule

A

glomerular filtration

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27
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

volume of filtrate produce by both kidneys per minute

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28
Q

average GFR

A

male: 125 ml/min
female: 115 ml/L
not equal to amount or urine production

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29
Q

what causes variation in the blood flow through glomerular and in GFR

A

vasoconstriction and vasodialation of afferent arterioles

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30
Q

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

A

sympathetic NS
reduced GFR
during fight or flight

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31
Q

renal autoregulation

A

afferent arterioles dilate when BP decreases

constrict when BP increases

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32
Q

glomerular filtrate vs. urine production per day

A

glomerular filtrate 180 L

urine 1-2L

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33
Q

filtration

A

movement from fluid and solutes from glomerular capillaries to capsule

34
Q

reabsorbtion

A

99% of filtrate return via peritubular capillaries and through tubular cells to vascular system to maintain blood volume and pressure

35
Q

location of reabsorbtion

A

65% in proximal tubule#
20% in descending limp of Henle
fine tuning for final urine concentration occurs later in the nephron

36
Q

total solute concentration of filtrate

A

300 mOsm - same as plasma

37
Q

what allos reabsorbtion via osmosis

A

active Na+ transport, which increases osmolarity

38
Q

water reabsorbtion

A

passive via osmosis

depends on Na+ reabsorbtion

39
Q

how does Cl- diffuse out ob tubules

A

follows Na+ passively by electrical attraction

40
Q

what does ISF must be that water can be rabsorbed by osmosis

A

hypertonic

41
Q

what makes ISF hypertonic

A

countercurrent flow in ascending and descending limbs in nephron (Countercurrent Mulitplier System) + close proximity of limbs

42
Q

ascending limb of loop on henle

A

Na+ actively pumped into ISF
Cl- follows passively
K+ diffuses passively into filtrate
water stays in -> fluid is diluted

43
Q

descending limb of loop of henle

A

permeable to water
water leaves by osmosis
hypertonic fluid enters ascending limb creating diluted tubular fluid and concentrated ISF

44
Q

vasa recta

A

blood vessels in medulla

45
Q

urea

A

waste product of amino acid metabolism that is excreted in urine

46
Q

due to what diffuses ura out the terminal portion of the collecting duct

A

countercurrent exchange

47
Q

what surrounds collecting ducts

A

hypertonic ISF

48
Q

fluid in collecting ducts

A

hypotonic

49
Q

permeability of collecting ducts

A

permeable to water but not salt

50
Q

what happens when plasma osmolarity increases

A

ADH increases permeabilty of collecting duct to water

51
Q

due what increases ADH the permeability of collecting ducts to water

A

insertion of aquaporin channels

52
Q

what creates a hypertonic renal medulla

A

countercurrent multiplier system and vasa recta

53
Q

where does reabsorbed liquid go to

A

pertubular capillaries into ISF and then into tubule lumen

54
Q

which receptors control plasma osmolarity

A

hypothalamic osmoreceptor

55
Q

dehydration

A

high plasma osmolarity - high ADH - high water reabsorbtion - smaller urine volume (less water in urine)

56
Q

over-hydration

A

low plasma osmolarity - low ADH - low water reabsorbtion - high urine volume (more water in urine)

57
Q

obligatory water loss

A

400 ml/day

58
Q

Excretion rate

A

(filtration rate + secretion rate) - reabsorbtion rate

59
Q

substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

A

filtered substance = GFR

60
Q

Secretion

A

substance actively transported from peritubular capillaries to tubular cells and into filtrate

61
Q

location of most reabsorbtion and secretion

A

proximal tubule

62
Q

what can inulin be used for

A

estimate glomerular filtration rate (120ml/min)

63
Q

why can inulin be used for the filtration rate estimation (Einschätzung)

A

because it is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted

excreted amount per minute = amount filtered per minute

64
Q

clearance

A 
mass of substance excreted per unit time/plasma concentration of substance
C(S)= VU(S)/P(S)
V= urine volume per min
U(S)= urine concentration of S
P(S)= plasma concentration of S
65
Q

renal plasma clearance

A

volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance by kidneys per unit of time

66
Q

amount of filtered Na+ and K+ reabsorbed

A

85% - 90%

67
Q

waht does the final concentration of Na+ and K+ in urine depend on

A

physiological needs/homeostasis

68
Q

decreased plasma Na+

A

activates renin-engiotension-aldosterone system due to decreased blood volume

69
Q

alosterone

A

stimulates Na+ reabsorbtion in distal tubule and corticol collecting duct
stimulates K+ secretion in distal tubule and corticol collecting duct
Na+/K+ pump

70
Q

K+

A

reabsorbed and secreted

71
Q

what forms the intersection of the distal tubule with the afferent and efferent arterioles

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

72
Q

responsibilities of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

secrets renin into blood in afferent arterioles

73
Q

ADH

A

affects water reabsorbtion in collecting ducts to controle urine and blood volume

74
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

stimulates salt excretion when blood volume increases

75
Q

role of kidneys in blood ph control

A

excreting H+ in urine

76
Q

reabsorbtion of bicarbonate in proximal tubule to control urine pH

A
  1. Na+/H+ pump transports H+ into filtrate and Na+ out of filtrate. Most of the H+ secreted into the filtrate is used for reabsorption of bicarbonate.
  2. Bicarbonate combines with H+ to form carbonic acid in the filtrate.
  3. Carbonic acid in the filtrate is converted to CO2 and H2O in the filtrate
  4. CO2 diffuses into tubule cells, where CO2 and H2O form carbonic acid.
  5. Carbonic acid dissociates to HCO3- and H+ in tubule cells.
  6. The bicarbonate from the tubule cells diffuses into blood
77
Q

amount of reabsorbed bicarbonate

A

80-90%

78
Q

what is H+ in urine buffered by

A

ammonia and phosphate buffer

79
Q

alkalosis

A

pH > 7.45
less [H+] in plasma and filtrate
less bicarbonate reabsorbed

80
Q

acidosis

A

pH < 7.35
increased [H+] in plasma in filtrate
increased bicarboneate made in proximal tubule and reabsorbed

Biol 66 - Human Physiology (13 decks)

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