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Path Processes* > Session 7 The Pathology Of Trauma > Flashcards

Session 7 The Pathology Of Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

How does skin healing by first intention occur?

A
  • sutured lacerations and splenectomy wound
  • haematoma
  • minimal granulation tissue
  • re epithelisation
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2
Q

How does healing occur by secondary intention?

A
  • larger injuries not suitable for suturing
  • haematoma
  • large amount granulation tissue
  • delayed re epithelisation
  • risk of infection
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3
Q

What are the complications of a splenectomy?

A

Immediate = haemorrhage
Early complications = haemorrhage, infections, raised platelets (thrombosis)
Late complications = infections, prophylaxis needed

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4
Q

What puts you at risk of a DVT?

A 
Immobility
Trauma
Surgery
Splenectomy
Smoker
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5
Q

What occurs with an MI?

A 
Chest pain
Sudden onset
Severe,Central, Crushing pain
Increasing troponin 
ECG will show ST elevation = stemi
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6
Q

What occurs with myocardial repair?

A
  • infarction followed by removal of necrotic tissue by macrophages
  • capillary and fibroblast ingrowth from viable edges
  • gradual increase in collage = fibrous scar
  • no significant regeneration of cardiac myocytes
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7
Q

What can chemical signals make the cell do???

A

Survive
Divide
Differentiate
Die

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8
Q

How can a cell population increase its numbers?

A
  • shortening the cell cycle

- conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells by making them enter the cell cycle

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9
Q

Can cells with damaged DNA replicate?

A
  • checkpoints in cell cycle will stop cells with damaged DNA replicating
  • neoplasia = due to changes in genetic material
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10
Q

What is the restriction point?

A
  • a checkpoint of the cell cycle
  • cells that pass R point will complete cell cycle = point of no return
  • most commonly altered checkpoint in cancer cells
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11
Q

How is the cell cycle controlled?

A
  • cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

- cyclin dependent kinases become active by binding with cyclins

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12
Q

How can cells adapt?

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia - replaced by cells of a different type

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13
Q

In which types of tissue does hyperplasia occur?

A
  • labile/stable tissue
  • caused by increased functional demand/hormonal stimulation
  • is reversible
  • can occur secondary to pathology
  • repeated cell division exposes the cell to the risk of mutation and neoplasia
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14
Q

Give physiological and pathological examples of hyperplasia.

A

Physiological
- bone marrow makes erythrocytes in response to hypoxia

Pathological
- thyroid goitre in iodine deficiency

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15
Q

In which tissue type does cell hypertrophy occur?

A
  • labile/stable
  • increased functional demand/hormonal stimulation

E.g skeletal muscle and pregnancy (hypertrophy and hyperplasia), proximal to stenosis in the bowel

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16
Q

Why don’t athletes get cardiac muscle atrophy?

A

Relative anoxia (absence of oxygen) = little areas of fibrosis appear = cardiac muscle cant work as efficiently = need to rest

17
Q

Give examples of pathological atrophy

A
  • inadequate blood supply with peripheral vascular disease
  • ageing
  • pressure: tissues around a enlarging benign tumour
  • inadequate nutrition
  • cell muscle atrophy
  • damage to median nerve
18
Q

How does osteoporosis occur?

A

Atrophy of the extracellular matrix

19
Q

What is metaplasia?

A
  • reversible change of One differentiated cell type to another
  • due to altered stem cell differentiation
  • in labile or stable tissue
  • involves expression of a new genetic programme
20
Q

What example are there of metaplasia?

A

Bronchial pseudostratified ciliated epithelium = stratified squamous epithelium due to effect of cigarette smoke

Stratified squamous epithelium = gastric glandular epithelium with persistent acid reflux

21
Q

Does metaplasia predispose to cancer?

A
  • can be a prelude to dysphasia and cancer
22
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue/organ to develop
Embryonic development disorder
Used to describe an organ who’s cells have ceased to proliferate

23
Q

What’s hypoplasia?

A

Under development of a tissue or organ
In spectrum with aplasia
Not opposite of hyperplasia as congenital
E.g renal, breast, testicular, heart chambers

24
Q

What’s involution?

A

Overlaps with atrophy
Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ
Uterus after childbirth

25
Q

What’s reconstitution?

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body e.g in uterus lining once its shed in a period

26
Q

What’s atresia?

A

No orifice
Congenital imperforation of an opening
E.g pulmonary valve, anus, vagina and small bowel

27
Q

What’s dysphasia?

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue
Potentially reversible
Often pre cancerous condition

Path Processes* (10 decks)

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