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BIO EXAM TERM 2 > Animal 4 > Flashcards

Animal 4 Flashcards

1
Q

all animals are ____tropic

A

heterotropic

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2
Q

overall flow and transformation of energy within an organism

A

bioenegtics

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3
Q

true or false:

not all energy and molecules that comes in body actually make it into cells of the body

A

true
gut is external space
nothing in here has necessarily gone through your body

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4
Q

the production/ synthesis of biological molecule

A

biosynthesis:

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5
Q

the metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty digestive tract, and is not experiencing stress

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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6
Q

amount of energy used per unit time

A

metabolic rate

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7
Q

do large or small animals have higher BMRs

A

large animals has higher BMR than smaller animals overall but not per body mass

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8
Q

elephant or mouse uses more energy

A

mouse uses smaller overall, but more per unit body mass

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9
Q

can be used to determine what:

  • oxygen consumption
  • caloric intake vs out (food consumption/ waste production)
  • heat production
  • CO2 production
A

animal`s energy use

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10
Q

nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals that an animals needs to eat as their own body cannot produce them

A

essential nutrients

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11
Q

the chemical and mechanical breakdown of food into absorbable components

A

digestion

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12
Q

animal who plucks out food particles in water

A

suspension eater

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13
Q

filter eater:

A

type of suspension eater who uses special filter to obtain particles from water

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14
Q

animal that lives in or on its food source;

A

substrate feeders

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15
Q

animal that will drink fluid from a living host

A

fluid feeder

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16
Q

animal that consume large bites/ particles of food that need to be chewed or dealt with when they enter the body; most animals

A

bulk feeder

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17
Q

tube extending from mouth to anus

digestion system also consists of other organs

A

alimentary tube

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18
Q

the closing or constriction along the alimentary canal by circular muscles when flexed

A

the sphincter

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19
Q

first site of mechanical AND chemical digestion

A

oral cavity

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20
Q

role of salivary amylase

A

enzymatic breakdown of carbs

21
Q

PROCESS OF SWALLOWING FOOD

A

pharnyx opens to tracheea (wind pipe) and esophegous (tube to stomch)
while food passes, the epiglottis closes, cutting off tracheea so food doesnt go down wrong type

22
Q

the alternation contractions and relaxation of paired muscles, allows food to go down esophagus, and down into the stomach

A

process of peristalsis

23
Q

what is the stomach covered in

A

surface of stomach is covered in gastric pits and inside these are gastric glands

24
Q

3 cell types of gastric glands

A

1) mucous cell
2) chief cell
3) parietal cell

25
Q

muccous cell function

A

produces mucus that provides protection of lining of stomcah

26
Q

chief cell function

A

produces pepsinogens (inactive form of pepsin)

27
Q

parietal cell function in stomach

A

yellow, releases H and Cl release ions into lumen (interior stomahc) and come together to form hydrochloric acis. HCl can break down layers around food cells and can activate inactive pepsinogen so it becomes active pepsin (pepsin is enzyme that breaks down proteins chemically)

28
Q

the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus chemically digests which of these:

carbs, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids

A

carbs

29
Q

the stomach digests which of these

carbs, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids

A

protein

30
Q

the pancreatic enzymes of the small intestine digest which of these
carbs, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids

A

all of them

31
Q

the epithelial enzymes of the small intestine digest which of these:
carbs, protein, nucleic acids, and lipids

A

carbs
proteins
nucleic acids

32
Q

why is liver considered accessory organsÉ

A

it produces bile that drips into the gallbladder where it is stored

33
Q

what triggers bile from gallbladder to go into the small intestine to emulsify itÉ

A

animal fat

34
Q

how does bile digest fatÉ

A

breaks the clumped up fat (from the hydrophyillic environment) into small globs so digestive enzymes have more surface area to break down the fat

35
Q

how do we not digest ourselvesÉ

A

HCl and digestive enzymes are inactive until that are released into the alimentary canal of lumen and also there is a rapid turnover of cells lining the alimentary canal

36
Q

finger like projections that increase surface area located on folds of the stomch

A

villi

37
Q

smaller villi located on epifedial cells of villi

A

microvilli

38
Q

how to villi absorb nutrietns

A

in each villi there is a capillary vessel and a blood vessel that takes nutrients to inside of the capillary lining

39
Q

most of the large intestine is the _____-

A

colon

40
Q

the structure that functions as fermenting plant material using bactreria that would otherwise be indigestible by our organs

A

cecum

41
Q

____ and ____ regulate energy storage

A

glucagon and insulin

42
Q

how does glucagon regulate energy storage

A

excess energy stored in liver and muscle as glucagon, then as fat in adipose cells

43
Q

how does insulin regulate energy storage

A

tells body to take up glucose and store as glycagon

44
Q

hormone produced by adipose tissue.

A

leptin

45
Q

If the animal has good fat storage, leptin levels are ___–> _____ appetite on long-term basis

A

high

suppressing

46
Q

if animal is undernourished and has little fat stores–> produces less_____,stimulation animal to go out and find food to eat

A

leptin

47
Q

_____and ____ are secreted in response to food. triggers sensation of fullness. Tells animal to stop eating

A

PPY and insulin

48
Q

Animal hasn’t eaten–> ____ is secreted triggering nerve impulses indicating animal is hungry, has positive effect in satiety center in the brain

A

ghrelin

BIO EXAM TERM 2 (11 decks)

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