Bio 4-6 excel export csv

Question 1

osteoblasts vs osteoclasts

Answer 1

blasts add new bone matrix, clasts remove old matrix

Question 2

three basic traits all cells share:

Answer 2

outer membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

Question 3

difference btw eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 3

E- plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and algae P- bacteria and archea (lack cell nucleus)

Question 4

ER

Answer 4

endoplasmic reticulum - provides a large surface for chemical rxns to take place

Question 5

ribosomes

Answer 5

involved in the synthesis of proteins from amino acids, “protein manufacturing machines,” composed of RNA and protein

Question 6

golgi apparatus

Answer 6

modifies molecules shipped to it from elsewhere in the cell, manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids, packages molecules within sacs

Question 7

lysosomes

Answer 7

digestion and destruction, destroy disease-causing microorganisms

Question 8

in regards to respiration, what does the mitochondria do?

Answer 8

contains enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration

Question 9

chloroplast

Answer 9

responsible for photosynthesis

Question 10

inclusions

Answer 10

collections of materials that do not have a well defined structure like most organelles. ex: starch grains, sulfur, oil droplets, collections of miscellaneous materials (granules)

Question 11

diffusion

Answer 11

the movement of a molecule along its concentration gradient

Question 12

osmosis

Answer 12

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 13

isotonic

Answer 13

a solution that has the same water and salt concentration as the cells

Question 14

hypotonic

Answer 14

a solution that has high water concentration and low salt concentration than cells

Question 15

hypertonic

Answer 15

a solution that has low water concetration and high salt concentration than cells

Question 16

facilitated diffusion

Answer 16

carrier protein, with concetration gradient, passive transport - no input of energy

Question 17

active transport

Answer 17

use of a carrier protein against concentration gradient, ATP, ex:sodium potassium pumps

Question 18

difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Answer 18

phago - engulfing lg. particles such as cells pino- engulfing liquids and the materials dissolved in the liquids

Question 19

receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 19

molecules from the cell’s surroundings bind to receptor molecules on the plasma membrane. the membrane then folds in and engulfs these molecules.

Question 20

what structures are not found in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 20

nucleus (therefore no nuclear membrane), mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi or endoplasmic reticula

Question 21

protozoans

Answer 21

organisms that consist of only one cell. ex: amoeba and paramecium

Question 22

the golgi app. produces:

Answer 22

lysosomes

Question 23

where are ribosomes made and stored?

Answer 23

nucleolus

Question 24

what structure manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids and packages molecules within sacs?

Answer 24

golgi app.

Question 25

when a cell is placed in a ___ solution, it loses water and shrivels

Answer 25

hypertonic

Question 26

what cell components are involved in the destruction of microbes?

Answer 26

phagocytic vacuoles

Question 27

activation energy

Answer 27

an input of energy required by a reaction to get it started. Used to make reactions unstable or more likely to react

Question 28

enzyme

Answer 28

a protein molecule that acts as a catalyst to speed the rate of a reaction

Question 29

cofactors

Answer 29

enzyme helpers

Question 30

coenzyme

Answer 30

a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst

Question 31

what effects can temperature have on enzyme reactions?

Answer 31

1- can change the rate of molecular motion, 2. can cause changes in the shape of an enzyme

Question 32

what is a denatured enzyme?

Answer 32

one whose protein structure has been permanently changed so that it has lost its original bichemical properties

Question 33

enzymatic competition

Answer 33

occurs whenever there are several kinds of enzymes available to combine with the same substrate molecule

Question 34

competitive inhibition

Answer 34

when the inhibitor molecule competes with the normal substrate for the active site of the enzyme

Question 35

what is an inhibitor

Answer 35

a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interferes with that enzyme’s ability to form an enzyme substrate complex

Question 36

catabolism vs anabolism

Answer 36

c-the breakdown of compounds, a-the synthesis of new, larger compounds

Question 37

ATP is generated when hydrogen ions flow from a ___ to a ___ concentration after they have been pumped from one side of the membrane to the other

Answer 37

higher, lower

Question 38

autotrophs

Answer 38

organisms that are able to use basic energy sourses, such as sunlight, to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw materials

Question 39

two types of autotrophs:

Answer 39

1. photosynthetic (those that use light) 2. chemisynthetic (those that use inorganic chemical reactions)

Question 40

heterotrophs

Answer 40

all organisms that require organic molecules such as food - carbs, fats, proteins

Question 41

aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 41

oxygen is involved in the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water

Question 42

3 phases of cellular respiration

Answer 42

glycolysis (completed with or without O2) anaerobic = fermentation. aerobic = krebs cycle —> electron transport chain

Question 43

glycolysis

Answer 43

the process of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell where glucose (C6H12O6) enters a series of reactions that: 1. require the use of 2 ATPs 2. ultimately results in the formation of 4 ATPs 3. results in the formation of 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH)
Breaks down glucose with the release of electrons and formation of ATP

Question 44

eukaryotic krebs cycle

Answer 44

completes the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the release of carbon dioxide, electrons and ATP
*The Krebs cycle takes place within the mitochondria. *For every 1 acetyl-CoA molecule that enters the Krebs cycle: 1. 3 carbons from a pyruvate are converted to acetyl-CoA and are released as carbon dioxide (CO2). 2. 5 pairs of hydrogens become attached to hydrogen carriers to become 4 NADHs and 1 FADH2. 3. 1 ATP is generated

Question 45

eukaryotic electron-transport system

Answer 45

series of enzyme controlled rxns that convert kinetic energy of hydrogen electrons to ATP
the electron-transport system takes place within the mitochondrion, where: 1. oxygen is used up as the oxygen atoms accept hydrogens from NADH and FADH2 forming water (H2O). 2. NAD+ and FAD are released to be used over again.3. 32 ATPs are produced

Question 46

summary of alcohol fermentation

Answer 46

1. starts with glycolysis
   a. glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid b. a net of 2 ATPs is made
2. during alcoholic fermentation:
   a. pyruvic acid is reduced to form ethanol b. carbon dioxide is released
3. yeasts do this in:
   a. leavened bread
   b. sparkling wine

Question 47

summary of lactic acid fermentation

Answer 47

1. starts with glycolysis a. glucose is metabolized to pyruvic acid b. a net of 2 ATPs is made 2. during lactic acid fermentationa. pyruvic acid is reduced to form lactic acid b. no carbon dioxide is released 3. muscle cells have the enzymes to do this, but brain cells do not. a. muscle cells can survive brief periods of oxygen deprivation, but brain cells cannot. b. lactic acid “burns” in muscles

Question 48

summary of fat respiration

Answer 48

1. fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids 2. glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate a. then enters glycolysis 3. fatty acids a. are converted to acetyl-CoA b. enter krebs cycle 4. each molecule of fat fuels the formation of many more ATP than glucose. this makes it a good energy-storage molecule

Question 49

summary of protein respiration

Answer 49

1.proteins are digested into amino acids 2. amino acids have the amino group removed, a.generate a keto acid (acetic acid, pyruvic acid, etc.) b. enter the krebs cycle at the appropriate place

Question 50

the positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular respiration eventually combine with ____ ion to form ____.

Answer 50

an oxygen, water

Question 51

In a complete accounting of all the ATPs produced in aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells, there are a total of ____ ATPs: ____ from the ETS, ____from glycolysis, and ____ from the krebs cycle

Answer 51

36, 32, 2, 2

Question 52

anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called

Answer 52

fermentation

Question 53

each molecule of fat can release ____ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose

Answer 53

larger amounts

Question 54

some organisms excrete ammonia directly; others convert ammonia into other nitrogen-containing compounds, such as:

Answer 54

urea or uric acid

Question 55

the ATP generating process in mitochondria works by using what?

Answer 55

proton pump

Question 56

in fermentation, why would one need to reduce pyruvic acid?

Answer 56

when NAD+ needs to be regenerated for continued use in glycolysis

Question 57

why don’t human muscle cells produce alcohol and CO2 during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 57

we dont have the genes to produce the enzymes needed to generate alcohol and CO2

Question 58

what electron carrier releases the most potential during the ETS?

Answer 58

NADH