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Principles (Y1) > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a membrane?

A

form the outer boundary of every cell- selectively permeable and control entry and exit to a cell.

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2
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

hydrophobic, non polar, uncharged tail

hydrophillic, polar, charged head

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3
Q

what is the function of cholesterol?

A

contributes to stability and fluidity, stiffens the membrane

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4
Q

what are the different types membrane proteins?

A

intergral- embedded in bilayer, receptors
peripheral- do not penetrate bilayer
transmemrane- extend through membrane, transporters and channels

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5
Q

What are membrane carbohydrates?

A

small chains on outer surface, glycoproteins and glycolipids

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6
Q

functions of lipid bilayer?

A
  • basic structure
  • barrier
  • responsible for membrane fluidity
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7
Q

Functions of proteins?

A
  • water filled highly-selevtive ion channels
  • carrier/transporters
  • interact with secretory vesicles leadign to exocytosis of vesicle content
  • membrane bound enzymes
  • receptors
  • cell adhesion molecules (cadherins- hold cell within tissue together, integrins- span membrane acting as a link between extra and intra cellular environments)
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8
Q

functions of carbohyrates?

A

serve as self-identifying markers enabling cells to identify and interact with one another

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9
Q

what are desmosomes?

A

adhering junctions that anchor cells together

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10
Q

what are tight junctions?

A

join lateral edges of epithelial cells near luminal membranes

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11
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

communicating junctions that allow movement of charge carrying ions and small molecules between 2 adjacent cells

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12
Q

what is passive transport?

A

diffusion down a concentration gradient or movement along an electrical gradient- does not require energy

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13
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient?

A

where an electrical and a concentration gradient may be acting on a particular ion at the same time

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14
Q

define osmosis

A

net diffusion of water down a concentration gradient

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15
Q

what are aquaporins

A

water channels

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16
Q

what is osmoralilty

A

concetration of osmotically active particles in a solution

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17
Q

what is tonicity

A

effect a solution has on a cell volume
iso/hypo (cell swells)
hyper (cell shrinks)

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18
Q

what tonicity is saline

A

isotonic

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19
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

no energy required- carrier mediated, from high to low concentration

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20
Q

what is active transport?

A

energy required- moves agains concentration gradient, from low to high

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21
Q

what is active transport?

A

energy required- moves agains concentration gradient, from low to high

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22
Q

what is primary active transport?

A

energy directly requires (ATP)

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23
Q

what is secondary active transport?

A

ransporter protein couples the movement of an ion (typically Na+ or H+), the transfer of the ion supplies the driving force

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24
Q

Symport transport:

A

co-transport, solute and Na+ move in same direction

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25
Q

Antiport transport:

A

exchange, solute and Na+ move in opposite direction

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26
Q

what is Na+K+ATPase an example of

A

primary active transport

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27
Q

3 Important roles of Na+K+ATPase

A
  1. establish Na and K conc gradients across membrane
  2. regulate cell volume by controlling concentration of solutes inside cell
  3. energy used to drive the pump indirectly serves as energy source for secondary active transport
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28
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

is the process by which materials move into the cell (engulfed into a vesicle)

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29
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

vesicle fuses with membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid

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30
Q

what happens to a cell when it is placed in hypertonic solution

A

water flows out of cell

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31
Q

what happens to a cell when it is placed in hypotonic solution

A

water flows into the cell

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32
Q

describe the concentration gradients for K+ and Na+

A 
K+= outwards
Na+= inwards
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33
Q

describe the membrane potential of an ion

A

the greater the membrane potential for a given ioan, the greater the tendancy for that ion to drive the membrane potential towards the ions own equilibrium potential

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34
Q

describe the membrane potential of an ion

A

the greater the membrane potential for a given ioan, the greater the tendancy for that ion to drive the membrane potential towards the ions own equilibrium potential
(this is why the mem poten is closer to K than Na+)

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35
Q

what is the membrane potential for K

A

-90mV

36
Q

what is the membrane potential for Na

A

+61mV

37
Q

what is nernst equation

A

Eion=61log10 x ion(in)/ion(out)

38
Q

what is the resting membrane potential for a typical nerve cell?

A

-70mV

39
Q

why is the resting potential not identical to Ek

A

due to the slight inward leak of Na+ into the cell

40
Q

Goldman-hodgkin-katz equation

A

calculates overall membrane potential
(hyperpolarisation= more neg)
(depolarisation=more pos)

41
Q

Hormones that control glucose:

A
  1. in absorptive and post absorptive states (insulin and glucagon) in the pancreas
  2. in emergencies (adrenaline) in the adrenal gland
  3. during starvation (cortisol) in the adrenal gland and (growth hormone) from the pituitary gland
42
Q

what are the pancreatic islets of langerhans?

A

Pancreatic islets, also called islets of Langerhans, are tiny clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain several types of cells. (endocrine glands)

43
Q

what are the different types of pancreatic islets?

A

alpha cells= glucagon
beta cells= insulin
delta cells= somatostatin

44
Q

in absorptive state of glucose what happens to the pancreatic cells?

A

insulin rises and glucagon falls (increase in glucose)

45
Q

what is the function on insulin?

A

stimulated the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscles and fat cells

46
Q

what is the function on insulin?

A

stimulated the uptake of glucose from the blood into muscles and fat cells (favours anabolism) hormone of the fed state, turns glucose–> glycogen and fatty acids–> triglycerides

47
Q

effects of insulin?

A
  • increased glucose
  • increased amino acids
  • increased parasympathetic activity
48
Q

what is GLUT4

A

glucose transporter protein that insulin causes to be inserted into the plasma membrne of muscle and fat cells, originates from intracellular stores

49
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A

breaks down to form glucose, hormone of the hungry state

50
Q

effects of glucagon?

A
  • raises glucose by increasing gylcogenolysis
  • inhibits live glycogen synthesis
  • promotes live gluconeogenesis
  • increased sympathetic activity
51
Q

why doe severe diabetes cause thirst

A

severe diabetes causes thirst- high glucose levels in urine cause large urine volume in addition to high glucose in conc in blood–> dehydration

52
Q

what us lipolysis?

A

compensatory increase in order to provide an alteration in energy source

53
Q

what are ketone bodies

A

formed in severe diabetes due to the metabolism of fatty acids generating acetyl CoA, the liver is unable to process the excess acetyl CoA through the citric acid cyle so they are converted to ketone bodies

54
Q

blood gas alterations in severe diabetes

A 
metabolic acidosis (compensatory hyperventilation)
blood pH is lowered
55
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • early onset
  • no isulin secretion
  • defect in beta cells
  • ketosis development
  • insulin injections requires
56
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • adult onset
  • insulin secretion may be normal
  • defect in insulin sensitivity
  • diet/excercise/oral drugs
57
Q

effects of adrenaline

A
  • raised glucose
  • stimulates glycogenolysis/ gluconeogensis
  • produced by storage granules of the medulla
  • released in emergencies
  • important in the rapid metabolism of fuel
58
Q

effects of cortisol

A
  • raised glucose
  • produced byt hte zona fasciculate in adrenal gland
  • stimulates protein catabolism
  • stimulates gluconeogensis
  • stimulates lipolysis
  • not important for rapd mobilisation of fuel
  • conc is highest at morning and lowest at night
  • produced in response to stress
59
Q

Effects of growth hormone

A
  • important in starvation
  • anteriror lobe of pituitary
  • decreases glucose uptake by muscles
  • mobilises glucose from liver
  • promotes lipolysis in fat cells
60
Q

where are baroreceptors located

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

61
Q

function of baroreceptors

A

sensitive to stretch, firing rate increases when MAP increases and decreases when MAP decreases. they only respond to acute changes in BP- changes in HR, SV, TPR

62
Q

where is the baroreceptor control centre

A

medulla

63
Q

What is BP

A

hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walla

64
Q

what is MAP

A

the average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle

65
Q

What are the major resistance vessles?

A

arterioles

66
Q

what MAP is required to perfuse body tissues

A

60mmHg

67
Q

what is vasomotor tone?

A

tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in the continuous release of noradrenaline

68
Q

Homeostasis

A

component of our bodies internal environment must be maintained within narrow ranges

69
Q

core body temp

A

37.8, normal body temperature is optimum for cellular metabolsim and function- shows dinural variation

70
Q

consequences of over heating

A
  • protein denature
  • nerve malfuntion
  • death
  • convulsion
71
Q

what hormones can increase basic metabolic rate?

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • thyroxine
72
Q

how is heat lost from the body?

A
  • radiation
  • convection (air next ot skin warmed by conduction, warmed air less dense so rises and cool air moves next to skin)
  • conduction
  • evapouration(energy is required to convert water in the skins surface and the lining of the resp airway into water
73
Q

passive evapouration

A

water passively diffuses from surface of the skin and the linigsof the resp airways

74
Q

active evapouration

A

sweating controlled by sympathetic nervous system

75
Q

how is core temp maintained

A

negative feedback control

76
Q

where are the temp receptors located?

A

central (hypothalamus and abdominal organs)

peripheral (skin)

77
Q

hypothalamus

A 
small area in brain, bodys therostat
posterior hypothalamus= cold
-vasoconstriction
-increased muscle tone
-shivering
Anterior hypothalamus= warm 
-vasodilation
-sweating
-decreased muscle tone
78
Q

what nervous system stimulated sweating

A

sympathetic nervous system

79
Q

what nervous system stimulated sweating

A

sympathetic nervous system

80
Q

what is an endogenous pyrogen

A

chemicals that macrophages release in response to infection or inflammation and stimulate the release of protiglandin in the hypothalamus

81
Q

what is the effect of pyrogen

A

they reset the thermostat in the hypothalamus to a higher temp ie fever

82
Q

what happens when pyrogen release is stopped?

A

the thermostat is set to normal

83
Q

fever

A

38-40

84
Q

hyperthermia

A

> 40

85
Q

hypothermia

A

<35

86
Q

hypoglycaemia

A

4 is the flood

chronic can damage blood vessels

87
Q

what is glycosuria

A

glucose in the urine

Principles (Y1) (9 decks)

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