10. PMHP Flashcards
Definition of dental fear
Definition of dental anxiety
Definition of dental phobia
Normal emotional reaction of one/more threatening stimuli in dental environment
Sense of apprehension that something dreadful is going to happen, coupled with a sense of losing control
Marked and persistent anxiety in relation to clearly discernible situations/objects or to dental situation in general. Complete avoidance of necessary treatment or endurance of treatment with dread in a specialist situation
4 promoting and maintaining factors of dental anxiety
Treatments of dental anxiety
Media representation of dentistry, negative past experiences, infection by family and peers, expectation of pain and poor knowledge of modern analgesia
Pharmacological support (benzodiazepines, nitrous oxide), systemic desensitisation (exposure-based management), patient control (stop and proceed signals), psychiatrist/psychologist referral, general anxiety reducing treatment style (give realistic information, gain trust, acknowledge anxiety), tech coping strategies (distraction and relaxation)
Components of clinical negligence
Dentist owed duty of care
Duty of care was breached
Course adopted is one which no dentist of ordinary skill would have taken if acting with ordinary care
Breach caused/materially contributed to harm
Damage was reasonably foreseeable and had negative consequences
Features of consent
Components of capacity
Features of informed consent
Definition of material risks
Informed, with capacity, not coerced, not manipulated, voluntary
Ability to act (decide), to understand a decision, to retain memory of a decision, to make a reasoned decision, to communicate a decision
Voluntary, up-to-date (continuing), with capacity, sufficient knowledge of purpose, nature, effects and risks, alternatives, likelihood of success, assumption of capacity in over 16s unless assessed otherwise, recorded
Information/risks a reasonable person would attach significance to when making a choice
Risk calculation
Odds calculation
Absolute risk difference calculation
Risk ratio calculation
Odds ratio calculation
Definition of confidence interval
Yes/total
Yes/no
Risk 1 - risk 2
Risk % 1 / risk % 2
Odds 1 / odds 2
Range of values that a population treatment effect is likely to lie in. If CI overlaps/straddles value of no difference between treatments, this indicates insufficient evidence for a difference between groups (not statistically significant)
Definition, advantage and disadvantage of:
Case report/series
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Cohort study
Meta-analysis
Report on single patient with outcome of interest. Generates hypotheses, lack of control
Observation of defined population at single point in time. Investigates risk factors, recall bias
Looks back at risk factor with control
Exposure of established group over time. Estimates incidence, expensive
Compiles and analyses multiple RCTs. Most scientifically sound, time-consuming
4 components of RCT design
Advantage of allocation concealment
Disadvantages of RCT
Participation specification (inclusion/exclusion criteria), control, randomisation, blinding/masking
Prevents selection bias
Expensive, ethics
Definition of screening
Definition and use of epidemiology
Definition of prevalence
Definition of incidence
Planned intervention to achieve early diagnosis and/or treatment of a condition not yet producing/not recognised as producing symptoms
Population study to determine disease frequency and distribution. Monitors infectious/non-infectious diseases and disease natural history
Number of existing cases at a particular period in time
Number of new causes during a particular period in time
5 demographic factors
4 types of questions
4 features of ideal index
Definition of Townsend Index Score
Sex, age, religion, socioeconomic status/postcode, ethnicity
Open, closed, scales (Likert), rhetoric, yes/no, leading
Unambiguous, not time-consuming, reproducible, clear, not subjective
Measure/index of material deprivation
