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Pharm Block 3 > Block Three Bolded Drugs > Flashcards

Block Three Bolded Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Amitryptyline

A

Tricyclic antidepressant for chronic pain

Non-specific - blocks 5HT and NE reuptake

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2
Q

Atypical antipsychotic

A
  1. Clozapine
  2. Olanzapine
  3. Resperidone
  4. Quetiapine
  5. Aripiprazole

Decreased incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms, improved negative symptoms.

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3
Q

B-endorphine

A

Endogenous opioid peptide.

In hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius. Also in anterior pituitary co-released with ACTH during stress.

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4
Q

B-endorphin

A

Endogenous opioid peptide.

In hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius. Also in anterior pituitary co-released with ACTH during stress.

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5
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Partial Mu agonist

25-50x more potent than morphine

Treats moderate to severe pain.

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6
Q

Bupropion

A

Atypical antidepressant

Weakly blocks NE and DA uptake

Also approved for nicotine withdrawl and seasonal affective disorder.

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7
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

A typical antipsychotic

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8
Q

Clozapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic
Blocks D4 and 5HT receptors, little effects on D2, muscarinic antagonist

Decreases seizure threshold
Can cause fatal agranulocytosis

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9
Q

Codeine

A

Opioid agonist for mild pain.
Some metabolized to morhpine

Sometimes used with aspirin and acetaminophen

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10
Q

Duloxetine

A

SNRI
Half-life 12-18 hours
Used for neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, back pain, osteoarthritis.

Caution pts with liver disease,.
Withdrawl symptoms.

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11
Q

Dynorphin

A

Endogenous opioid peptide
Localized with vasopressin in hypothalamus and posterior pituitary.
Shorter ones have wide CNS distribution.

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12
Q

Enkephalin

A

Endogenous opioid peptide

Leu and Met enkephalins have wide CNS distribution

Found in periphery in adrenal medulla, nerve plexuses, and exocrine glands of the stomach and intestines.

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13
Q

Fentanyl

A

Mu agonist

100x more potent than morphine, short acting: 1-1.5 hrs.

Buccal, injectable, and transdermal

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14
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI

Adverse effects: insomnia, sexual dysfunction, nausea.

Long half life (7+ days)

Approved to treat PMDD

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15
Q

Haloperidol

A

typical antipsychotic

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16
Q

Heroin

A

Diacetyl morphine

More lipophilic than morphine, converted to 6-acetyl morphine and morphine

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17
Q

Hydrocodone

A

Opioid agonist for moderate to severe pain

Available in sustained release oral preparation

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18
Q

Hydromorphone

A

2-3x more potent than morphine

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19
Q

Levorphanol

A

Affinity at Mu receptor (most), Delta, and Kappa.

5HT/NE reuptake inhibitor, NMDA antagonist.

Rapid onset.

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20
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

5 or more symptoms for 2+ weeks-one of which must be depressed mood or loss of pleasure in doing things.

weight change, insomnia/hypersomnia, feeling worthless, suicidal ideation, fatigue

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21
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

A

Block oxidative deamination of biogenic amines (NE, DA, 5HT) A form associated with antidepressant action

Can cause hypomania in bipolar.

Treats major depression and narcolepsy.

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22
Q

Meperidine

A

Opioid agonist, shorter DOA than morphine.

Forms toxic metabolite: normeperidine than can accumulate

Interacts with MAOIs

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23
Q

Mesocortical pathway

A

Starts A10
Functions in cognition, communication, and social activity.

Change in dopaminergic activity causes negative symptoms.

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24
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Starts at A10
Functions in arousal, stimulus processing, locomotor activity, and motivational behavior.

Dopamine hyperactivity causes positive symptoms.

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25
Q

Methadone

A

Opioid agonist with good oral F, long duration of action

Treatment of opioid abuse and chronic pain

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26
Q

Mirtazapine

A

Atypical antidepressant that blocks presynaptic alpha2 receptors in brain

Used to increase appetite in AIDs patients

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27
Q

Morphine

A

Mu agonist with low oral to parenteral potency (F=~.3)

4-5 hr analgesia

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28
Q

Nalbuphine

A

Mixed agonist
Similar in efficacy to morphine
Can cause withdrawl symptoms in opioid dependent pts

Injection only

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29
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid receptor antagonist with high Mu affinity and less for delta and kappa receptors.

DOA = 1-2 hrs

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30
Q

Naltrexone

A

Opioid antagonist with long half life (24+ hours)

Treats alcoholism and opioid addiction

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31
Q

Olanzapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic
5HT, D1, D2 antagonist with some effect on D4

Decreased seizures compared to clozapine, and no agranulocytosis.

Causes weight gain and diabetes.

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32
Q

Oxycodone

A

Opioid agonist for moderate to severe pain

Available in sustained release oral preparation

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33
Q

Pentazocine

A

Mixed agonist, effective doses often yield similar effects as full Mu agonists

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34
Q

Phenelzine

A

Irreversible MAO inhibitor

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35
Q

Psychosis

A

Derangement of personality, loss of contact with reality, delusions, hallucinations

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36
Q

Quetiapine

A

Atypical antipsychotic
Similar to olanzapine and clozapine in treating symptoms and side effects

Decreased half life. Approved for augmentation in depression.

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37
Q

Resperidone

A

Atypical antipsychotic prodrug
D2 and 5HT antagonist

Greater decrease in negative symptoms and less extrapyramidal symptoms

Less seizures and less antimuscarinic effects.

Intramuscular injection

38
Q

Schizophrenia

A

2 or more symptoms for one month (one being a core positive):

Core +: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

Negative: blunted affect, poverty of thought, decreased cognitive ability, social withdrawl

39
Q

Sertraline

A

SSRI

Adverse effects: nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction

Shorter half life than fluoxetine, decreased impact on drug metabolism.

Treats OCD, PTSD, and panic attacks.

40
Q

SNRI

A

Blocks 5HT and NE reuptake.

Side effects more SSRI-like than TCA-like

41
Q

Suboxone

A

Oral buprenorphine with naloxone to treat opioid dependence.

42
Q

Tramadol

A

Weak Mu agonist blocks NE and 5HT uptake

Used for moderate pain

43
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

A

Block NE and 5HT reuptake.

Treats neuropathic pain and depressive disorders.

“Dirty” drug

  • binds H1 to cause sedation
  • Binds muscarinic receptors to cause blurred vision, constipation, and glaucoma
  • Binds alpha adrenergic receptors to cause hypotension, dixzziness, and reflex tachy.

8-100 hr half life.

44
Q

Alprazolam

A

Benzodiazepine; treats anxiety

45
Q

Baclofen

A

Binds GABA B receptor and increases GABA’s ability to bind, resulting in an increase in Cl- moving into the cell and thus hyperpolarization and inhibition.

Muscle relaxant; just as effective as diazepam with less sedation.

46
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Bind GABA receptor and increase GABA’s ability to bind, thereby increasing the amount of Cl- moving into the cell causing hyperpolarization and inhibition.

Result is relaxation and sleep.

47
Q

Buspirone

A

Partial 5HT1A agonist

Inhibits adenylate cyclane and opens K+ channels; also binds dopamine receptors

Treats generalized anxiety disorder

48
Q

Chlordiazepoxide

A

Benzodiazepine with long half-life used to treat alcohol withdrawal.

49
Q

Diazepam

A

Benzodiazepine; increases GABAs ability to bind its receptor resulting in more Cl- into the cell and hyperpolarization.

Muscle relaxant/hypnotic at high doses.

50
Q

Divalproex

A

Antiseizure agent, 1st line for Bipolar I.

Blocks Na+ channels and may increase synaptic GABA.

Sedating.

51
Q

Flumazenil

A

Antagonist at benzodiazepine receptor.

Can treat benzo OD or reverse benzos post-op.

52
Q

Flurazepam

A

Benzodiazepine; rapid onset with long duration of action.

Metabolized to active metabolite: desalkylflurazepam

53
Q

Lamotrigine

A

Antiseizure agent

Blobks Na+ channels

Can be used to treat bipolar I

54
Q

Lithium

A

Monovalent cation
Blocks manic behavior

Blocks the progression of IP2 -X—> IP so phosphoinositol can’t be recycled in the IP3 and DAG 2nd messenger system.

55
Q

Lorazepam

A

Benzodiazepine; treats anxiety and insomnia

56
Q

Tizanidine

A

Skeletal muscle relaxant

alpha2 adrenergic agonist related to clonidine

Enhances pre and postsynaptic transmission; causes drowsiness, hypotension, and asthenia (weakness).

57
Q

Valproic Acid

A

Antiseizure agent, 1st line for bipolar I

Blocks Na+ channels and may increase synaptic GABA.

Sedating.

58
Q

Zolpidem

A

Non-benzodiazepine that blocks the benzodiazepine receptor on GABA receptor complex.

Increases GABAs ability to bind its receptors.

Primarily used for sleep.

59
Q

Acamprosate

A

GABA-A agonist thought to normalize dysregulated neurotransmission and decrease drinking frequency and relapse in abstinent pts.

60
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

A

Converts ethanol into acetaldehyde using a lot of NAD+

Converts Methanol to formaldehyde.

Women have lower amounts of this enzyme than men.

61
Q

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

Converts acetaldehyde to acetate in ethanol metabolism. using NAD+.

Converts Formaldehyde to formate in methanol metabolism.

62
Q

Amphetamine

A

Potentiates NE, DA, and 5HT signaling at the trace amine associated receptor (TAAR1) to inhibit reuptake AND cause reversal (release of amines) from terminal and vesicles.

63
Q

Beriberi

A

Thiamine deficiency from chronic alcohol abuse

“dry”: peripheral neuropathy, wernicke’s aphasia, and korsakoff’s psychosis.

“wet”: CV presentation

64
Q

Caffeine

A

Methylxanthine similar in structure to purines.

Competitive antagonist at adenosine receptor.

65
Q

Clonidine

A

Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat ADHD (not a stimulant).

66
Q

Disulfiram

A

Can block aldehyde dehydrogenase to treat ethylene glycol poisoning.

Can be used for aversion therapy, results in accumulation of acetaldehyde which is very uncomfortable.

67
Q

Ethanol

A

Alcohol

Can be used to block alcohol dehydrogenase in methanol poisoning.

68
Q

Ethylene glycol

A

Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

69
Q

Fomepizole

A

Can be used to block alcohol dehydrogenase in methanol poisoning.

70
Q

Guanfacine

A

Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat ADHD (not a stimulant)

71
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Potentiates NE, DA, and 5HT signaling at the trace amine associated receptor (TAAR1) to inhibit reuptake AND cause reversal (release of amines) from terminal and vesicles.

72
Q

Methanol

A

Metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to toxic metabolites formaldehyde and formate.

73
Q

Methylphenidate

A

Not an amphetamine, but structurally and mechanistically very similar.

74
Q

Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System

A

Cytochrome P450 2E1, 1A2, 3A4 used to metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde using NADPH.

2E1 is induced in alcoholics and increases clearance of other drugs.

75
Q

Nicotine

A

Agonist of nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

CNS stimulant causing alertness, increases DA release in reward centers, muscle relaxant, and activates chemoreceptor trigger zone to cause nausea (w/ first exposure).

76
Q

Thiamine

A

Deficiency associated with alcohol abuse, can cause beriberi

77
Q

Varenicline

A

Partial agonist of nicotinic receptors

Reduces nicotine craving by activating nAChR.

More efficacious than placebo and buproprion at 12 and 24 wks.

78
Q

Benzocaine

A

Ester local anesthetic that is applied to wounds and ulcerations for longer relief of pain.

79
Q

Bupivicaine

A

Amide local anesthetic

Long acting; provides more sensory than motor relief. More cardiotoxic than lidocaine.

80
Q

Desflurane

A

Volatile liquid for outpatient surgeries and maintenance of anesthesia.

Not used for induction because of respiratory irritation.

81
Q

Etomidate

A

Induces anesthesia in patients at risk for hypotension

Pain on injection, myoclonus, nausea and vomiting. Suppresses adrenocortical stress response (bad).

82
Q

Isoflurane

A

Moderate blood:gas partition coefficient

Most common inhaled anesthetic; airway irritant that causes coughing.

83
Q

Ketamine

A

Dissociative anesthesia

NMDA receptor antagonist

Bronchodilator

84
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local amide anesthetic

Faster, more intense, and longer lasting than procaine.

85
Q

Midazolam

A

GABA-A agonist.

Short-acting benzodiazepine used for conscious sedation

86
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Weak anesthetic used for sedation and analgesia at 50% concentration.

Often combined with other anesthetics or used for dental work.

87
Q

Procaine

A

Ester local anesthetic

Short acting, low potency, slow onset.

88
Q

Propofol

A

Uses GABA-A mechanism to induce and maintain anesthesia.

Most commonly used general anesthetic in the US.

89
Q

Ropivacaine

A

S-enantiomer, long acting amide local anesthetic.

Actions like bupivocaine with less cardiotoxicity.

Used for epidural and regional anesthesia.

90
Q

Sevoflurane

A

Gaseous anesthetic used for induction and maintenance.

NOT a respiratory irritant; less respiratory depression than other gaseous anesthetics.

91
Q

Sodium thiopental

A

Barbiturate that acts through GABA-A receptor to induce anesthesia within 10-30 seconds after IV infusion of a single dose.

Lasts 10 minutes tops.

Not used in the US, used to be used for lethal injection.

92
Q

Tetracaine

A

Local ester anesthetic

Long acting, more potent and longer duration of action than procaine.

Used for spinal anesthesia and ophthalmic use.

Pharm Block 3 (15 decks)

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