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Key Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

A non-living feature of an ecosystem

A

Abiotic condition

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2
Q

Attachment of an acetyl group to something (e.g. a histone)

A

Acetylation

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3
Q

A type of neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on sodium channels across the Synaptic Cleft

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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4
Q

A mutation you develop during your lifetime

A

Acquired mutation

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5
Q

The thin myofilament protein in muscle fibres

A

Actin

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6
Q

The energy that needs to be supplied before a chemical reaction will start

A

Activation energy

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7
Q

A transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription

A

Activator

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8
Q

A characteristic that increases an organisms chances of survival and reproduction

A

Adaptation

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9
Q

A hormone secreted from the adrenal glands that has many effects including increases blood glucose concentration

A

Adrenaline

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10
Q

The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen

A

Affinity for oxygen

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11
Q

A condition caused by HIV, in which the immune system deteriorates

A

AIDS

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12
Q

Allele..

A

one or more alternative versions of the same gene

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13
Q

Where speciation occurs as a result of geographic isolation (different places)

A

Allopatric Speciation

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14
Q

The process in which nitrogen compounds from dead organisms or waste material are turned into ammonium compounds by saprobionts

A

Ammonification

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15
Q

A protein produced by B-cells in response to the presence of a pathogen

A

Antibody

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16
Q

A hormone that regulates water potential of the blood by controlling the permeability of cell

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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17
Q

A mechanism that restores a level back to normal in a system

A

Negative Feedback

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18
Q

The likelihood of water molecules to diffuse out of or into a solution

A

Water Potential

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19
Q

A technique used prevent the unwanted growth or transfer of microorganisms

A

Aseptic technique

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20
Q

A fibrous plague caused by the build up and hardening of white blood cells, lipids and connective tissue

A

Atheroma

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21
Q

A system that generates ATP very quickly by phosphorylating ADP using a phosphate group from phosphocreatine

A

ATP-phosphocreatine (PCr) system

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22
Q

A protein on the surface of a virus that lets the virus cling onto a suitable host cell

A

Attachment protein (virus)

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23
Q

A division of the peripheral nervous system that controls unconscious activities, e.g heart rate

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

When two genes are located on the same autosome and are inherited by the offspring together

A

Autosomal linkage

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25
Q

A technique that reveals the location of radioactive tracers

A

Autoradiography

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26
Q

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

A

B-cells

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27
Q

A non-cancerous tumour

A

Benign Tumour

28
Q

A cancerous tumour - invades and destroys surrounding cells

A

Malignant Tumour

29
Q

aAliving feature of an ecosystem

A

Biotic factor

30
Q

A type of salt produced by the liver to aid digestion of lipids

A

Bile Salts

31
Q

An effect by which an increase of CO2 in the blood results in a reduction of haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

A

Bohr effect

32
Q

The protein coat surrounding a virus’s genetic material

A

Capsid

33
Q

The maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support

A

Carrying capacity

34
Q

A DNA copy of mRNA made using reverse transcriptase (gene technology)

A

cDNA (complementary DNA)

35
Q

The immune response that involves T-cells

A

Cellular Response

36
Q

An immune response that involves B-cells

A

Humoral response

37
Q

A polysaccharide made of long unbranched chains of Beta glucose

A

Cellulose

38
Q

The process of electrons flowing down the ETC and creating a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis

A

Chemiosmosis

39
Q

A thread like structure made up of one long DNA molecule

A

Chromosome

40
Q

The largest and most complex community of plants and animals an ecosystem can support

A

Climax community

41
Q

An allele whose characteristic appears together with another allele in the phenotype because neither allele is recessive

A

Codominant allele

42
Q

A base triplet (three nucleotides) in DNA or mRNA that codes for an amino acid

A

Codon

43
Q

All the populations of different species in a habitat

A

Community

44
Q

The point at which the rate of photosynthesis in a plant exactly matches its rate of respiration

A

Compensation point

45
Q

Part of the nervous system which formulates an appropriate response to a stimulus before sending impulses to an effector

A

Coordinator

46
Q

A T-cell that kills abnormal or foreign cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cell

47
Q

The process in which nitrates in the soil are converted into nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

A

Denitrification

48
Q

A decrease int he potential difference across a cell’s membrane, making it less negative than the resting potential

A

Depolarisation

49
Q

A condition where the body doesn’t produce enough Insulin so blood glucose cannot be controlled

A

Type 1 diabetes

50
Q

A condition where the body’s cells don’t respond properly to insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

51
Q

Where individuals with alleles for a single extreme phenotype are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles

A

Directional selection

52
Q

Where individuals with alleles for phenotypes at the extreme ends of a range are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles

A

Disruptive selection

53
Q

All the organisms living in a community plus all the abiotic conditions

A

Ecosystem

54
Q

An organelle that processes proteins

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

55
Q

An organelle that processe slipids

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

56
Q

When an allele of one gene masks the expression of the alleles of other genes

A

Epistasis

57
Q

The homeostatic mechanism that controls the water potential of the blood

A

Osmoregulation

58
Q

A peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the bloodstream part of Osmoregulation

A

ADH

59
Q

Large groups that are divided into progressively smaller groups with no overlap between the groups

A

Hierarchical system

60
Q

A system based on evolutionary history and common ancestry

A

Phylogenetic system

61
Q

Species…

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

62
Q

All the organism of one species in a habitat

A

Population

63
Q

All the organisms in a habitat

A

Community

64
Q

A detectable change in the internal or external environment of a an organism, that produces a response

A

Stimuli

65
Q

A rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus

A

a reflex action

all biology (4 decks)

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