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Biology > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transport medium in open circulatory systems?

A

Haemolymph

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2
Q

What is the body cavity in open circulatory systems called?

A

Haemocoel

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3
Q

Why do animals require transport systems?

A

Rate of diffusion too low
High metabolic rates
Low SA:V ratios
Molecules (e.g. enzymes and hormones) need to be transported to specific tissues

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4
Q

What are internal transport systems for?

A

To transport nutrients and oxygen around the body

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5
Q

What are some examples of organisms with open circulatory systems?

A

Some invertebrates, such as arthropods (including insects) and molluscs

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6
Q

What are some examples of organisms with closed circulatory systems?

A

All vertebrates and many invertebrates (e.g annelid worms, cephalopods)

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7
Q

What is the transport medium in closed circulatory systems?

A

Blood

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8
Q

What are some examples of organisms that have single circulatory systems? (blood passes through heart once per circulation)

A

Fish, annelid worms

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9
Q

What are some organisms that have a double circulatory system? (Blood pumped to lungs and returns to heart carrying oxygen, then to body tissues before returning to heart

A

Birds and mammals

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10
Q

What is circulation to the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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11
Q

What is circulation to the respiring tissues called?

A

Systemic circulation

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12
Q

What are the advantages of a closed double circulatory system?

A

Blood pressure is maintained
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix
Lower volumes of transport fluid required
Blood supply to different tissues can be varied depending on demand
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients more efficient

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13
Q

What do elastic fibres provide in blood vessels?

A

Flexibility

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14
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

A

To adjust lumen size

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15
Q

What is the role of collagen in blood vessels?

A

Structural support

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16
Q

What are the main differences between veins and arteries?

A

Veins have a larger lumen and arteries have more elastic tissue. Veins have valves typically.

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17
Q

What is the typical diameter of an artery?

A

5000 micrometres

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18
Q

What is the typical diameter of a capillary?

A

10 micrometres

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19
Q

What is the typical diameter of a vein?

A

10,000 micrometres

20
Q

Why do arterioles contain a high proportion of smooth muscle?

A

The muscle can contract to narrow the lumen (vasoconstriction) or relax to widen the lumen (vasodilation), controlling blood flow

21
Q

What are the key features of capillaries?

A

Thin walls (single layer of squamous epithelial cells with gaps between them). The walls are permeable to allow diffusion of particles into tissue fluid

22
Q

Why do arteries have a high proportion of elastic tissue?

A

To stretch and recoil, preventing rupture when the heart pumps

23
Q

Why do veins have wide lumens and valves?

A

For smooth blood flow at low pressures and prevent backflow of blood

24
Q

Which 2 pressures are the key to tissue fluid formation?

A

Osmotic and hydrostatic

25
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid in confined spaces

26
Q

Why are cells bathed in tissue fluid?

A

To enable the exchange of materials: oxygen and nutrients enter cells, waste products leave

27
Q

At which end does the hydrostatic pressure outweigh the osmotic?

A

Arterial

28
Q

At which end does the osmotic pressure outweigh the hydrostatic?

A

Venous

29
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel’s plasma

30
Q

What approximate percentage of tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system rather than re-entering the blood?

A

10%

31
Q

What is the function of lymph?

A

Important part of the immune system (e.g. phagocytes in lymph notes ingest bacteria)

32
Q

What proportion of blood is plasma and what proportion is cells/platelets?

A

55% plasma, 45% cells and platelets

33
Q

Why is there less solute in tissue fluid than in blood?

A

Many substances (e.g. oxygen, glucose, amino acids) diffuse into cells. There are no plasma proteins (e.g. albumin, fibrinogen)

34
Q

What is the difference between lymph and tissue fluid?

A

Lymph contains less oxygen and nutrients, a greater proportion of fatty acids and a large number of leucocytes

35
Q

How do leucocytes enter the lymphatic system

A

They (particularly t lymphocytes) are added to the lymphatic system after maturing in the thymus

36
Q

What is the equation for the conversion of haemoglobin into oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Hb + 4O2 -> Hb(O2)4

37
Q

What percentage of oxygen in the blood is transported by haemoglobin?

A

98% (2% in solution in plasma)

38
Q

What proportions of carbon dioxide is found dissolved in the plasma, combined with haemoglobin, and as HCO3- ions?

A

5% in plasma
10-20% combined with haemoglobin
75-85% converted to hydrogen carbonate ions

39
Q

What is the equation for the conversion of carbon dioxide into hydrogen carbonate ions?

A

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+

Catalysed by carbonic anhydrase

40
Q

Why is a large proportion of CO2 in the blood converted into HCO3-?

A

To maintain a steep CO2 concentration gradient between respiring tissues and blood

41
Q

What is the chloride shift?

A

HCO3- ions move out of erythrocytes and into the plasma, and Cl- ions move into the erythrocytes to replace them
Exchange

42
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Haemoglobin’s oxygen affinity decreases when CO2 is present. Oxygen is released from haemoglobin more easily when carbon dioxide is present

43
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture

44
Q

Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin?

A

So that oxygen can be passed from the mother’s haemoglobin to the foetus’s haemoglobin in the placenta

45
Q

What is a slow heart rate called?

A

Bradycardia

46
Q

What is a fast heart rate called?

A

Tachycardia

Biology (11 decks)

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