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Human Physiology Final > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q 
The arterial system is:
A.) high pressure and rigid
B.) low pressure and rigid
C.) high pressure and elastic 
D.) low pressure and elastic 
E.) high flow and low pressure
A

C.) high pressure and elastic

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2
Q 
The venous system is:
A.) high pressure and high capacity
B.) low pressure and low capacity
C.) high pressure and low capacity 
D.) low pressure and high capacity 
E.) none of these
A

D.) low pressure and high capacity

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3
Q

Capillaries are characterized by
A.) high cross sectional area and low flow velocity
B.) high cross sectional area and high flow velocity
C.) low cross sectional area and high flow velocity
D.) low cross sectional area and low flow velocity
E.) none of these

A

A.) high cross sectional area and low flow velocity

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4
Q

Which of these statements are NOT true?
A.) pressure gradients and flow rates are directly correlated
B.) resistance is inversely related to flow rates
C.) blood pressure and resistance are directly correlated
D.) velocity of flow and cross sectional area of a vascular bed are inversely related
E.) all of these are true statements

A

E.) all of these statements are true

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5
Q 
What is the primary site of control of blood flow through a tissue bed?
A.) endothelial cells
B.) arteriolar smooth muscle
C.) venous outflow
D.) metarterioles
E.) total cardiac output
A

B.) arteriolar smooth muscle

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6
Q 
A person enters the ER with a blood pressure of 110(systolic) over 70(diastolic). What is their pulse pressure?
A.) 40mm Hg
B.) 180mm Hg
C.) 70mm Hg
D.) 110mm Hg
E.) 90mm Hg
A

A.) 40mm Hg

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7
Q 
What is their mean arterial pressure? 110(systolic) over 70(diastolic)
A.) 180mm Hg
B.) 83mm Hg
C.) 60mm Hg
D.) 110mm Hg
E.) 90mm Hg
A

B.) 83mm Hg

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8
Q

Which of these factors does NOT determine MAP?
A.) blood volume
B.) cardiac output
C.) peripheral resistance
D.) blood distribution between arterial and venous systems
E.) all of these contribute to MAP

A

E.) all of these contribute to MAP

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9
Q 
If the diameter (or radius) of an afferent blood vessel decreases by 50% (e.g. from 2 to 1), what will be the effect of blood flow through that tissue?
A.) an increase by a factor of 2
B.) decrease by a factor of 2
C.) decrease by a factor of 16
D.) increase by a factor of 8 
E.) decrease by a factor of 8
A

D.) decrease by a factor of 16

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10
Q 
Tonic control of arteriolar smooth muscle in peripheral tissues is regulated by:
A.) the sympathetic nervous system
B.) the parasympathetic nervous system
C.) somatic motor nervous system
D.) cardiac hormones
E.) none of these
A

A.) the sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q 
Hypercapnia or hypoxia in a tissue would elicit response in arteriolar smooth muscle?
A.) vasoconstriction 
B.) vasodilation
C.) myogenic auto regulation
D.) the baroreceptor reflex
E.) none of these
A

B.) vasodilation

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12
Q 
Where is the cardiovascular control integrating center located?
A.) autonomic ganglia
B.) sinoatrial node
C.) medulla
D.) carotid artery
E.) cardiothroacic cavity
A

C.) medulla

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13
Q

Which of the following are NOT targets of the cardiovascular control center (CVC)?
A.) sinoatrial node
B.) heart ventricles
C.) arteriolar smooth muscle
D.) A and B
E.) all of these are targets of the cardiovascular control center

A

E.) all of these are targets of the cardiovascular control center

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14
Q 
When an increase in MAP is sensed above normal values, what would predict would be the response from the CVC?
A.) increased sympathetic output
B.) decreases sympathetic output
C.) increased parasympathetic output
D.) A and C
E.) B and C
A

E.) B and C

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15
Q 
In an area of a capillary where the colloid osmotic pressure is 25mm Hg and hydrostatic pressure is 28 mm Hg, there will be
A.) net filtration
B.) net reabsorption
C.) no net exchange in either direction
D.) not enough information
A

A.) net filtration

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16
Q

How do the >3L/day of NET fluid filtered into the interstitial fluid from the capillaries get returned to the blood?
A.) water channels in the epithelial cells
B.) lymphatic system
C.) vesicle trafficking
D.) A and C
E.) it doesn’t, the kidneys simply eliminate it

A

B.) lymphatic system

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17
Q

Why does liver disease or starvation result in the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum (ascites)?
A.) lymphatic system is defective
B.) occlusion of the venules in capillary beds
C.) their endothelial cells become leaguer
D.) deficient production of serum proteins
E.) none of these

A

D.) deficient in production of serum proteins

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18
Q

The lungs are located in the pleural cavity; what function of the pleural fluid between the pleural membranes?
A.) lubrication during breathing
B.) surface tension that keep the lungs inflated against the ribs
C.) a source and reservoir of extra fluid that keeps the inside of the lungs moist
D.) A and B
E.) none of these

A

D.) A and B

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19
Q

Match the description of lung alveolar cells in questions 19-21

A.) Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells
B.) Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
C.) Alveolar endothelial cells
D.) Alveolar macrophages

  1. ) these cells produce surfactant
  2. ) these cells mediate has exchange
  3. ) these cells are collapsible in response to pCO2
A
  1. ) B.) Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
  2. ) A.) Type 1 alveolar epithelial cells
  3. ) C.) alveolar endothelial cells
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20
Q 
The upper respiratory tract (URT) serves to moisten, warm, and protect the air we breathe in. It does so by producing mucous which floats on a thin layer of saline- all produced by cells in the URT. What ion in particular is important in sustaining the saline layer- whose trans-cellular transport is defective in cystic fibrosis?
A.) Na+
B.) K+
C.) Cl-
D.) Fe++
E.) H+
A

C.) Cl-

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21
Q 
According to Dalton’s law, if oxygen comprises 21% of atmospheric gas and the barometric pressure in Chicago is 750 mm Hg, then what is the partial pressure(PO2) of oxygen here?
A.) 158mm HG
B.) 729 mm Hg
C.) 771 mm Hg
D.) 386 mm Hg
E.) 21 mm Hg
A

A.) 158 mm Hg

22
Q 
On a hot, humid day in the Chicago summer, when the humidity is 90% (H2O=40mm Hg) , what is the PO2 under these conditions?
A.) 149 mm Hg
B.) 690 mm Hg
C.) 560 mm Hg
D.) 335 mm Hg
E.) 60 mm Hg
A

A.) 149 mm Hg

23
Q 
When we fly on a airplane, they pressurize the cabin air. The height at which most commercial airlines fly is 40,000 feet, where the atmospheric pressure is only 20% (0.2atm) of what it is at sea level (760 mm Hg). What is the PO2 at this altitude?
A.) 160mm Hg
B.) 32 mm Hg
C.) 740 mm Hg
D.) 100 mm Hg
E.) 76 mm Hg
A

B.) 32 mm Hg

24
Q 
Boyle’s law applies to our ventilation (breathing); what muscle is responsible for 70% of the change in thoracic cavity volume when it contracts?
A.) diaphragm
B.) internal intercostal muscles
C.) external intercostal muscles
D.) abdominal muscles
E.) scalene muscles
A

A.) diaphragm

25
Q 
According to Boyle’s law, if the volume of the lung increases by a factor of 2, then the internal airway pressure must:
A.) increase by a factor of 2
B.) decrease by a factor of 2
C.) increase by a factor of 4
D.) decrease by a factor of 4
E.) none of these
A

B.) decrease by a factor of 2

26
Q 
The law of LaPlace states that a smaller bubble (liquid sphere) will have a higher pressure than a larger bubble. Bubbles of course approximate alveoli in the lung. Surfactant is produced to prevent smaller alveoli from collapsing and to enable them to receive the same ventilation as larger alveoli, which increases the efficiency of the lung. If one alveoli has a radius of 1, how much would it’s surface tension need to be reduced to make its internal pressure the same as an alveoli with a radius of 2?
A.) 20%
B.) 30%
C.) 50%
D.) 75%
E.) 80%
A

C.) 50%

27
Q 
If someone has a ventilation rate of 15 breaths/minute, a tidal volume of 500ml and a dead space volume of 150ml, their total pulmonary ventilation in ml/min? 
A.) 500ml/min
B.) 2250ml/min
C.) 7500ml/min
D.) 5250ml/min
E.) 9750ml/min
A

C.) 7500ml/min

28
Q 
What is their total alveolar ventilation in ml/min (15 breaths/min, a tidal volume 500ml, dead space volume 150ml)
A.) 500ml/min
B.) 2250ml/min
C.) 7500ml/min
D.) 5250ml/min
E.) 9750 ml/min
A

D.) 5250ml/min

29
Q

What does “dead space” represent?
A.) the amount of air remaining in the trachea and bronchi after expiration
B.) the amount of “stale air” entering the bronchioles/arterioles during inspiration
C.) A and B
D.) the amount of air that leaks out of the respiratory tract during inspiration
E.) none of these

A

C.) A and B

30
Q 
Like vascular smooth muscle, bronchiolar smooth muscle regulates flow of air into the alveoli. CO2 is a major regulator of bronchiolar smooth muscle. When airway PCO2 levels increase, bronchiolar smooth muscle
A.) constricts
B.) relaxes(dilates) 
C.) does not respond
D.) engages in global warming
A

B.) relaxes (dilates)

31
Q

If PCO2 in the blood is 44mm Hg and PCO2 in the cells in 43 mm Hg, in which direction will CO2 move?
A.) from the blood into the cells
B.) from the cells into the blood
C.) not enough information

A

A.) from the blood into the cells

32
Q

Which of the following do NOT affect alveolar ventilation?
A.) rate and depth of breathing
B.) bronchiolar diameter
C.) lung compliance
D.) atmospheric pressure
E.) all of these affect alveolar ventilation

A

E.) all these affect alveolar ventilation

33
Q

Which of the following do NOT affect gas exchange in the alveoli
A.) surface area of alveoli-capillary interface
B.) thickness of alveolar epithelial membrane
C.) bronchiolar constriction
D.) pulmonary edema
E.) all affect gas exchange

A

E.) all affect gas exchange

34
Q

Which of the two gases are more soluble in aqueous solution
A.) CO2
B.) O2

A

A.) CO20

35
Q 
What % of oxygen is carried on hemoglobin (Hb) vs the plasma in arterial blood?
A.) 25% on Hb/75% plasma
B.) 50% on Hb/50% plasma
C.) 75% on Hb/25% plasma
D.) 90% on Hb/25%plasma
E.) 98% on Hb/2% plasma
A

E.) 98% on Hb/ 2% plasma

36
Q

Hemoglobin saturation graph to answer 38-40
38.) PCO2 has what effect on binding of O2 to hemoglobin ?
A.) it increases O2 binding affinity
B.) decreases O2 binding affinity
C.) does not affect O2 binding affinity

39.) According to the graph, what percent of O2 is bound to hemoglobin at tissue PO2 levels of 40mm Hg and PCO2 of 40 mm Hg
A.) 50%
B.) 70%
C.) 85%
D.) 98%
40.) likewise, what percent of O2 is bound to hemoglobin at tissue PO2 levels of 40mm Hg under conditions of hypercapnia?
A.) 50%
B.) 70%
C.) 85%
D.) 98%
A
  1. ) B.) decreases O2 binding affinity
  2. ) B.) 70%
  3. ) A.) 50%
37
Q 
How is most CO2 transporter from tissue to the lung?
A.) bound to hemoglobin
B.) dissolved as CO2 in the plasma
C.) as HCO3-
D.) as carbonic acid
E.) none of these
A

C.) as HCO3-

38
Q

Which of these do NOT influence the directional movement of HCO3- via the red blood cell HCO3-/Cl- anion exchange transporter during CO2 transport?
A.) ΔPCO2
B.) carbonic anhydride
C.) the location of the capillary (e.g. tissue vs lung)
D.) all of these influence the directional movement of HCO3-
E.) none of these; the HCO3-/Cl- anion exchanger has nothing to do with CO2 transport; only saline formation in the upper respiratory tract

A

D.) all of these influence the directional movement of HCO3-

39
Q 
The respiratory control center is located in the
A.) lung
B.) aortic arch and carotid artery
C.) medulla
D.) thoracic cavity
A

D.) thoracic cavity

40
Q 
What is the primary regulator of ventilation control via the central chemoreceptors?
A.) PCO2
B.) PO2
C.) sympathetic nervous system
D.) parasympathetic nervous system
E.) lung hormones
A

A.) PCO2

41
Q

The kidney is one of three sites in the body with a portal system-two capillary beds in series

What is the function of the first capillary bed?
A.) filtration
B.) reabsorption
C.) secretion
D.) B and C
E.) excretion
A

A.) filtration

42
Q 
What is the function of the second capillary bed?
A.) filtration
B.) reabsorption
C.) secretion
D.) B and C
E.) excretion
A

D.) B and C

43
Q 
Which of the tubular element is responsible for bulk reabsorption of water and solutes
A.) collecting duct
B.) proximal tubule
C.) distal tubule
D.) ascending loop of Henle
E.) descending loop of Henle
A

B.) proximal tubule

44
Q 
Which tubular element contains the macula densa that matches glomerular filtration to filtrate processing?
A.) collecting duct
B.) proximal tubule
C.) distal tubule
D.) ascending loop of Henle
E.) descending loop of Henle
A

D.) ascending loop of Henle

45
Q

What happen to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) if the afferent arteriolar relaxes
A.) GFR increases
B.) GFR decreases
C.) GFR does not change

A

A.) GFR increases

46
Q 
The Na+ dependent glucose transporter in the kidney is an example of 
A.) primary active transporter
B.) secondary active transporter 
C.) tertiary active transporter
D.) exchanger
E.) None of these
A

B.) secondary active transporter

47
Q 
If the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillary is 60mm Hg, the fluid pressure in Bowman’s capsule is 15mm Hg and the colloid osmotic pressure in the blood is 30mm Hg, what is the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
A.) 75mm Hg
B.) 90mm Hg
C.) 105 mm Hg
D.) 15 mm Hg
E.) 45 mm Hg
A

D.) 15 mm Hg

48
Q 
A drug is filtered in the kidney at a rate of 8μg/min, but is not reabsorbed. It is excreted at a rate of 12μg/min. What is it’s secretion rate?
A.) 20 μg/min
B.) 12 μg/min
C.) 4 μg/min
D.) 10 μg/min
E.) 8 μg/min
A

C.) 4 μg/min

49
Q

( A drug is filtered in the kidney at a rate of 8μg/min, but is not reabsorbed. It is excreted at a rate of 12μg/min )
A blood draw is performed and assayed for the concentration of a drug, which is determined to be 24 μg/ 100ml of blood. What is the renal clearance rate of the drug?
A.) 100ml/min
B.) 50ml/min
C.) 150ml/min
D.) 200ml/min
E.) 36ml/min

A

B.) 50ml/min

50
Q

Can you estimate the GFR from the renal clearance of this drug by standard clinical urine and blood tests?
A.) yes; we just were told that it was
B.) no; it has a significant secretion component that may vary significantly between patients
C.) only substances that are actively filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted can be used to estimate GFR
D.) A and C
E.) B and C

A

B.) no; it has a significant secretion component that may vary significantly between patients

Human Physiology Final (3 decks)

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