Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abdominal > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are indications for renal u/s?

A
  • UTI
  • palpable mass
  • elevated creatinine & or BUN
  • severe flank pain
  • hematuria
  • decrease urine output
  • assessment for renal mass seen on CT/IVP
  • non visualized kidney
  • trauma
  • post surgical complications
  • biopsy/drainage
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of a renal infection or disease process:

A
  • flank pain
  • hematuria
  • polyuria
  • oliguria
  • fever
  • urgency
  • weightloss
  • general edema
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is urinalysis essential for detecting?

A

urinary tract disorders in pts. whose renal function is impaired or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hematuria is

A

RBC in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pyuria is

A

Pus in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Urine pH is important in managing

A

diseases such as bacteriauria and renal calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pH referes to what?

A

strength of urine as partly acidic or alkaline solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The abundance of hydrogen ions in the urine is called:

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is urine acidic?

A

if it contains an increased concentration of hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The formation of renal calculi partly depends on :

A

pH of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are associated with alkaline urine?

A

Renal tubular acidosis and chronic renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine (concentration factor depends on the amount of dissolved waste products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Specific gravity is esp. low in cases of:

A

renal failure
glomerulonephritis
pylonephritis
(these cause renal tubular damage, affecting kidney’s ability to concentrate urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can hematuria be associated with?

A

early renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An abundance of RBC in the urine may suggest:

A
  • renal trauma
  • neoplasm
  • calculi
  • pyelonephritis
  • glomerular inflammatory process
  • vascular inflammatory process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When may leukocytes present?

A

with inflammation, infection or tissue necrosis originating from anywhere in the urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

relative ratio of plasma to packed cell volume in blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Decreased hematocrit occurs with

A

acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When is hemoglobin present in urine?

A

When there is extensive damage or destruction of the functioning erythrocytes (injures the kidney and can cause acute renal failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Albuminuria is commonly found with

A

benign and malignant neoplasms, calculi, chronic infections, pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Measurements of creatinine are an index for determining what?

A

glomerular filtrations rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F: blood serum creatinine levels are said to be more specific and more senstive

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Creatinine is a byproduct of

A

muscle energy metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A decreased creatinine clearance indicates

A

renal dysfunction because creatinine blood levels are constant and only decreased renal function prevents normal excretion of creatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Creatinine elevated with

A
  • diabetes
  • renal function
  • acute tubular nephrosis
  • pylonephritis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Creatinine decreased with

A
  • debilitation
  • starvation
  • hyperthyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

A

the concentration of urea nitrogen in blood and is the end product of cellular metabolism (relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate of urea excreted by kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

BUN elevated with:

A
  • renal damage
  • renal failure
  • dehydration
  • chronic or acute renal disease
  • urinary obstruction
  • GI bleed
  • CHF
  • shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

BUN decreased with:

A
  • overhydration
  • pregnancy
  • liver failure
  • secondary to smoking
  • decrease protein intake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Types of Renal Cystic Disease

A
  • simple renal cyst
  • polycystic renal disease
  • multicystic dysplastic kidney
  • medullary sponge kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How often do simple renal cysts occur?

A

common, 50% of adults over 50 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where may simple renal cysts be found?

A

anywhere in the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When are simple renal cysts clinically significant?

A

when they distort the adjacent calyces or produce hydronephrosis or pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Son findings of simple renal cysts:

A

cystic properties
no septations
cyst may have a cyst or mass within it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Polycystic renal disease may present in two forms:

A
  • autosomal-recessive form

- autosomal-dominant form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)?

A
  • fairly rare
  • dilation of the renal collecting tubules which causes renal failure and in the later forms there is also liver involvement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Four forms of ARPKD?

A

-perinatal
-neonatal
-infantile
-juvenile
(the earler the symptoms manifest, the less the kidneys are functioning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Son. findings of perinatal form of ARPKD?

A
  • oligohydramnios

- enlarged echogenic kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Son. findings of later forms of ARPKD?

A
  • enlarged kidneys
  • echogenic cortex and medulla
  • lack of coritocmedullary differentiation
  • may be macroscopic cysts (1-2mm) located in the medulla
  • in children there may be also hepatic fibrosis and splenomegaly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?

A
  • common genetic disease in women and men

- bilateral disease characterized by multiple cysts located in the renal cortex and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T/F: ADPKD cysts vary in size and may be asymmetrical?

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When does ADPKD manifest?

A
  • not until 4th or 5th decade of life

- by age 60, 50% will have end stage renal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Symptoms of ADPKD: 7

A
  • pain
  • hypertension
  • palpable mass
  • hematuria
  • headache
  • UTI
  • renal insufficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Complications of ADPKD:

A
  • infection
  • hemorrhage
  • stone formation
  • rupture of cysts
  • renal obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Associated abnormalities of ADPKD:

A
  • cysts in liver, spleen, pancreas, thyroid, ovary, testes, breast
  • cerebral berry aneurysm (Circle of Willis) cerebral arteries
  • increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma
  • AAA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Statistics of Cerebral Berry Aneurysm

A

16% have it, 9% die from rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Sonographic findings of ADPKD in the fetus:

A
  • moderately enlarged hyperchoic kidneys
  • increased corticomedullary differentiation
  • further screening necessary
  • not compatible with life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sonographic findings of ADPKD in adults:

A
  • bilateral renal enlargement
  • multiple cysts in both cortex and medulla
  • advanced cases-normal parenchyma replaced with multiple cysts and kidneys lose shape
  • cysts may grow large enough to obliterate renal sinus
  • internal debris in cysts
  • Walls of cysts may calcify, stones may form within cysts
  • complicated cysts may result in spontaneous bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney?

A

non hereditary renal dysplasia that usually occurs unilaterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most common form of cystic disease in neonates?

A

multicystic dysplastic kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

T/F: bilateral disease of multicystic dysplastic kidney is incompatible with life?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Complications of multicystic dysplastic kidney:

A
  • hypertension
  • hematuria
  • infection
  • flank pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Son. finding of multicystic dysplastic kidney in neonates and children:

A

-kidneys appear enlarged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Son findings of multicystic dysplastic kidney in adults:

A
  • kidneys small and calcified

- multiple cysts varying in size with no normal renal parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is medullary sponge kidney?

A
  • rare, non-hereditary benign renal disease

- congenital but may not be diagnosed until adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is medullary sponge kidney associated with?

A

dilated collecting tubules and cysts that form in the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Son findings of of medullary sponge kidney:

A
  • medulla is very echogenic

- may have associated calcium stones (nephrocalcinosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is medullary nephrocalcinosis?

A
  • calcium that forms in the medullary pyramids

- hyperechoic medullary pyramids with or without shadowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is medullary nephrocalcinosis associated with?

A
  • medullary sponge
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • cushing syndrome
  • adrenal gland tumors
  • oral pharmocological doses of vitamin E, calcium, steroid use and malignant neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

T/F: sonographic appearance of renal masses is specific

A

False, nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the first finding suggesting a mass may be present?

A

abnormal contour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

List malignant renal masses:

A
  • renal cell carcinoma
  • transitional cell carcinoma
  • Wilm’s tumor
  • renal lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is most common of all renal tumors, (85%)?

A

renal cell carcinoma

64
Q

Renal cell carcinoma, AKA:

A

adenocarcinoma or hypernephroma

65
Q

Who is renal cell carcinoma likely to affect?

A
  • twice as common in males as females

- 6th decade of life

66
Q

T/F: If caught early, prognosis for renal cell carcinoma is good?

A

True

67
Q

Clinical symptoms of renal cell carcinoma:

A
  • nonspecific
  • hematuria
  • flank pain
  • palpable mass
68
Q

Staging of renal cancer uses the

A

Robson system

69
Q

Sonographic findings of renal cell carcinoma

A
  • most are unilateral
  • isoechoic, hypoechoic solid mass
  • may be complex due to areas of necrosis
70
Q

Stage 1 of renal cell carcinoma

A

confined to the kidney

71
Q

Stage 2 of renal cell carcinoma

A

spread to the perinephric fat but within Gerota’s fascia

72
Q

Stage 3 A of renal cell carcinoma

A

perinephric involvement with spread to renal vein and or IVC

73
Q

Stage 3 B of renal cell carcinoma

A

perinephric with regional lymph node enlargement

74
Q

Stage 3 C of renal cell carcinoma

A

perinephric involvement with venous and lymph node involvement

75
Q

Stage 4 of renal cell carcinoma

A

invasion of adjacent structures, distal metastasis

76
Q

Where does transitional cell carcinoma originate from?

A

the transitional epithelial lining of the urinary tract system

77
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma is more common in

A

males, usually after 60 years old

78
Q

Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

A
  • painless hematuria

- blood clots

79
Q

Son. findings of transitional cell carcinoma:

A
  • most commonly seen in the bladder, but can be anywhere in urinary system
  • bladder tumors found in trigone area and the lateral borders of bladder
  • bladder tumors are focal non mobile masses within the bladder lumen
  • masses in renal pelvis are more easily ID’d than those in the renal sinus
80
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • rare, highly invasive tumor

- poor prognosis

81
Q

Clinical symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma:

A

hx of chronic irritation and gross hematuria

-palpable kidney secondary to severe hydronephrosis

82
Q

Son findings of squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • large mass in the renal pelvis

- obstruction from kidney stones

83
Q

What is renal lymphoma?

A
  • usually a secondary process due to lymphoma

- large renal masses that can be numerous and bilateral

84
Q

Renal lymphoma is more common in

A

non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

85
Q

Clinical symptoms of renal lymphoma

A
  • uncommon
  • hematuria
  • fever
  • flank pain
  • palpable mass
86
Q

Sonographic findings of renal lymphoma

A
  • variety of appearances, depends on location
  • hypoechoic structures with poor acoustic enhancement
  • may exhibit numerous thin septa
  • renal parenchyma may exhibit a diffuse hypoechoic pattern because of diffuse infiltration
87
Q

Wilms’ tumor AKA

A

nephroblastoma

88
Q

What is the most common solid renal mass of childhood?

A

Wilms’ tumor/ nephroblastoma

89
Q

When is Wilm’s tumor common?

A

rare in newborn, peaks in second year of life

90
Q

Clinical symptoms of Wilms’ tumor?

A
  • palpable mass
  • pain
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • gross hematuria
91
Q

Son findings of Wilms’ tumor

A
  • large flank masses
  • well circumscribed
  • homogenous
  • hypoechoic
  • may be complex due to necrosis
  • hypertension
92
Q

Son findngs of angiomyolipoma

A
  • brightly echogenic, may have posterior enhancement
  • found in cortex
  • tendency to hemorrhage (highly vascular)
93
Q

What do lipomas consist of?

A

fat cells

94
Q

Are lipomas more common in females or males?

A

females

95
Q

Clinical symptoms of lipoma

A
  • asymptomatic

- may cause hematuria

96
Q

Son findings of lipomas

A

well defined echogenic mass

97
Q

What do oncocytomas consist of?

A

large epithelial cells

98
Q

Oncocytomas are found most often in

A

older men, occur in the parathyroid glands, thyroid and adrenal glands

99
Q

Symptoms of oncocytomas:

A

typically asymptomatic, but tumor may cause pain and hematuria

100
Q

Son findings of oncocytomas

A

“spoke-wheel” pattern

101
Q

Mesoblastic nephroma AKA

A

fetal renal hematoma, a benign counterpart of Wilms tumor

102
Q

What is the most common solid neoplasm in the neonate?

A

mesoblastic nephroma

103
Q

Is mesoblastic nephroma found more often in men or women?

A

men

104
Q

What two abnormalities are associated with mesoblastic nephroma?

A

large flank mass, hypertension

105
Q

Issues associated with renal disease

A
  • generalized increase in cortical echoes which are a result of deposits of collagen and fibrous tissues
  • interstitial nephritis
  • acute tubular necrosis
  • amyloidosis
  • diabetic nephropathy
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
  • myeloma
  • loss of normal anatomic detail
  • chronic pyelonephritis
  • tubular ectasia
  • acute bacterial nephritis
106
Q

Endstage renal disease often results in

A

renal atrophy (seen on u/s by measuring renal length and cortical thickness

107
Q

What acute diseases can produce renal enlargement and decreased parenchymal echogenicity?

A
  • renal vein thrombosis
  • pyelonephritis
  • renal transplant rejection
108
Q

What is acute pyelonephritis?

A

Upper UTI, resulting from ascending infection through the ureters

109
Q

Acute pyelonephritis most affects women of what age?

A

of childbearing age

110
Q

Symptoms of pyelonephritis include:

A
  • sudden onset of flank pain
  • fever
  • frequency
  • hematuria
  • dysuria
111
Q

When can a clinical diagnosis for acute pyelonephritis be made?

A

when urinalysis indicates abnormal bacteria, leukocytes, and RBC

112
Q

Son findings of acute pyelonephritis

A
  • difficult to diagnose son.
  • kidneys may be completely normal or slightly enlarged
  • dilated blunt calyx
  • loss of corticomedullary differentiation
113
Q

What does chronic pyelonephritis result from?

A

recurrent or untreated UTI’s (more common in women)

114
Q

Chronic pyelonephritis may result in

A

loss of kidney function over time (renal dialysis or transplant may be warranted.)

115
Q

Clinical symptoms of chronic pyelonephritis include:

A
  • fatigue
  • hypertension
  • flank pain
  • hematuria
116
Q

Son findings of chronic pyelonephritis:

A
  • dilated blunt calyces
  • cortical thinning
  • if disease is unilateral , the contralateral kidney may enlarge to compensate
117
Q

What does renal failure disallow?

A

normal removal of accumulated metabolites from blood

118
Q

Pre nenal causes of renal failure:

A
  • loss of profusion due to thrombosis
  • shock
  • sepsis
  • embolization
  • heart failure
119
Q

Intra renal causes of renal failure:

A
  • parenchymal disease
  • chronic infections
  • renal ischemia
  • AIDS
  • Exposure to toxins
120
Q

Post renal causes of renal failure:

A
  • obstructive uropathy
  • increase incidence with uncontrolled diabetes
  • uncontrolled hypertension
121
Q

Lab tests that find renal failure:

A
  • Elevated BUN creatinine
  • Decrease serum calcium
  • low urinary specific gravity
  • proteinurea
  • RBC and WBC in urine
  • anemia
122
Q

Son findings of renal failure

A
  • decrease renal size

- increase parenchymal echogenicity-fibrosis and scarring

123
Q

What are renal stones made of?

A
  • calcium
  • uric acid
  • xanthine
  • cystine
124
Q

Renal stones AKA:

A

urolithiasis

125
Q

Majority of renal stones are made with

A

Calcium

126
Q

T/F: Renal stones may be found anywhere in the urinary system?

A

True

127
Q

What demographics have higher instances of renal stones?

A
  • men

- U.S.

128
Q

Staghorn calculi:

A

when stones fill the entire collecting system and become a solid mass

129
Q

As stones pass thru the ureter they usually become lodged where?

A

at the renal pelvis and ureterovesicle junction causing excruciating pain

130
Q

If pain is localized in the flank area, where is the stone likely located?

A

the kidney or proximal ureter

131
Q

Clinical symptoms of renal stones

A
  • hematuria
  • RBC in urine
  • WBC in urine
  • bacteria in urine
132
Q

Treatment for renal stones depends on size and location:

A
  • lithotripsy
  • percutaneous nephrolithotomy
  • ureteroscopic stone removal
133
Q

If stones cause obstruction there will be :

A

hydronephrosis and depending on the location the ureter may be dilated superiour to the level of obstruction

134
Q

Son findings of renal stones

A
  • very echogenic

- sharp, marginated, clean shadows

135
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces caused by an obstruction of the urinary tract..if obstruction is at the level of the urethra then bilateral hydronephrosis will occur

136
Q

Causes of bilateral hydronephrosis:

A
  • stones lodged in urethra
  • enlarged prostate
  • bladder tumors
  • posterior urethral valve syndrome in infants and young boys
137
Q

Causes of unilateral hydronephrosis

A
  • congenital disorders
  • acquired syndromes
  • tumors
  • inflammatory disorders
  • blood clots
  • pregnancy
  • stones
138
Q

With hydronephrosis, if obstruction is not corrected, severe deterioration of what may occur?

A

renal cortex

139
Q

Hydronephrosis clinical symptoms:

A
  • flank pain
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • elevated BUN and creatinine
140
Q

Sonographic findings for hydronephrosis:

A

-hypoechoic /cystic area within the renal sinus

141
Q

Grade 1 of hydronephrosis:

A

small separation of calyceal pattern

142
Q

Grade 2 of hydronephrosis

A

bear-claw effect, with fluid extending into the major and minor calyceal system and thinning of the renal parenchyma

143
Q

Grade 3 of hydronephrosis

A

massive dilation of the renal pelvis with loss of renal parenchyma

144
Q

Trauma in the kidneys:

A

linear absence of echoes in area of traumatized kidney

145
Q

Renal infarction is usually caused by:

A

RA obstruction

146
Q

Results of renal infarction:

A
  • kidney reduced in size

- complete occlusion/multiple infarcts results in small hyperechoic endstage appearing kidney

147
Q

Renal abscess AKA:

A

renal carbuncle

148
Q

Clinical symptoms of abscess:

A
  • fever
  • leukocystosis
  • flank pain
149
Q

Perforation of renal abscess in surrounding area

A
  • marked fever

- abdomen board-like rigidity with flank pain

150
Q

Where does a renal transplant go?

A

right side of pelvis within retroperitoneum

151
Q

Indications for renal transplant:

A
  • vascular compromise
  • renal failure
  • infection
152
Q

Lymphocele

A
  • predominantly anechoic mass 4-8 weeks post transplant
  • can contain septations/debris
  • can cause obstruction when large
  • can be drained, may reoccur
153
Q

Urinoma:

A

post-op complication with in first 2 weeks-ureter anastimosis leak

154
Q

Hematoma for renal transplant

A

arise soon after surgery

  • new-anechoic
  • old-hyperechoic
  • contain debris
155
Q

Son findings of acute rejection of renal transplant:

A
  • enlarged kidney
  • decreased cortical echogenicity
  • indistinct corticomedullary boundaries
  • prominent hypoechoic pyramids
  • peri-transplant fluid collections
156
Q

Severe rejection of renal transplant result in :

A
  • marked hemorrhage in parenchyma
  • high-resistive waveforms, decreased, absent, or reversed end diastolic flow, >0.7
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • renal artery thrombosis
  • RV thrombosis
  • Urinary obstruction
  • cyclosporing toxicity

Abdominal (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions