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Biochemistry > Exam 3 #2 > Flashcards

Exam 3 #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reactions that any cell used to acquire, store or use energy.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Multiple incoming pathways

A

convergent

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3
Q

multiple outgoing pathway forks

A

divergent

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4
Q

sets of individual reactions, grouped together, to produce a final product

A

metabolic pathways

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5
Q

groups of metabolic enzymes that are close by each other. Held together by non-covalent interactions.

A

metabolons

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6
Q

what works by channeling the product of one catalyzed reaction from the active site of one enzyme directly to the active site of the next enzyme

A

metabolons

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7
Q

2 sub paths of metabolism

A

catabolism and anabolism

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8
Q

amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids involves oxidizing carbon.

A

catabolism (breaks down)

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9
Q

amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids involves reducing carbon

A

anabolism (builds up)

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10
Q

what are linked via ATP

A

Catabolism (produces energy)

Anabolism (consumes energy)

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11
Q

Metabolism Summary

A

Metabolic pathways are all connected.
Pathway activity is regulated.
Not every cell carries out every pathway.

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12
Q

Delta G < 0

A

energy is released

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13
Q

Delta G = 0

A

equilibrium

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14
Q

Delta G > 0

A

energy is required

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15
Q

Net reaction of Glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 ATP

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16
Q

Cellulose, Amylase

Starch, Glycogen converted to glucose

A

Polysaccharides

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17
Q

Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

A

Disaccharides

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18
Q

Glycolysis

A

is a central pathway

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19
Q

Pyruvate moves on to the Krebs cycle in

A

aerobic conditions

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20
Q

Pyruvate can not be oxidized so it can’t go to CO2 in

A

anaerobic conditions

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21
Q

Lactate can be converted back to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase or to glucose via

A

gluconeogenesis

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22
Q

lactate dehydrogenase is a

A

bidirectional enzyme

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23
Q

The process of making glucose from molecules other than carbohydrates is called

A

gluconeogenesis

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24
Q

Metabolites are toxic if levels build up too high. what allows us to have low levels of metabolites

A

metabolon

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25
Q

Each phosphoanhydride bond contains

A

30.5 kJ/mol to form and break bonds

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26
Q

Delta G that is Negative is

A

Spontaneous

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27
Q

Negative Delta G Products are favored over

A

reactants

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28
Q

What steps in glycolysis are not reversible

A

1, 3, 10

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29
Q

What is the gate keeper of the Krebs Cycle

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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30
Q

What is activated by high levels of ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH. active

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

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31
Q

What is stimulated by low concentrations of ATP, Acetyl-CoA, and NADH. Self regulated

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

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32
Q

What are the three enzymes in the Krebs cycle that are unidirectional

A

Citrate synthase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate

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33
Q

What is inhibited by high levels of NADH, Citrate, Succinyl-CoA, and ATP. Stimulated by ADP.

A

Citrate Synthase

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34
Q

What inhibits synthesis if levels are too high

A

Succinyl-CoA

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35
Q

What is inhibited by ATP but stimulated by ADP

A

Isocitrate dehydrognease

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36
Q

What is inhibited by succinyl-CoA and NADH. Not stimulated by anything.

A

alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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37
Q

Where is pyruvate produced

A

in the cytoplasm

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38
Q

Pyruvate is moved into the inner matrix of the mitochondria by

A

an anti-port

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39
Q

Pyruvate has what charge

A

negative

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40
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate and the enzymes that catalyze these reactions are found inside the

A

mitochondria

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41
Q

What process is the gatekeeper of aerobic metabolism and is critical to life

A

pyruvate being converted to acetyl-CoA

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42
Q

Reactions that produce the molecules that replenish the Krebs cycle are called

A

Anaplerotic reactions

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43
Q

Low levels of high energy molecules act to _____ activity of Krebs cycle enzymes

A

increase

44
Q

High levels of high energy molecules act to _____ activity of Krebs cycle enzymes

A

decrease

45
Q

Glyoxylate Cycle is similar to the Krebs cycle except that isocitrate is borken down to

A

succinate and glyoxylate

46
Q

Succinate is used in gluconeogenesis to make

A

carbohydrates

47
Q

Energy can be harvested by transfer of Hydrogen to O2 by

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

Enzymes called dehydrogenase

A

catalyze reactions

49
Q

Electrons spontaneously flow from the molecule with the highest reductive potential to one with a lower reductive potential.

A

Oxidation-reduction

50
Q

Energy released during electron transport is captured by

A

ATP formation

51
Q

What is the most powerful reducing agent

A

NADH

52
Q

Integral membrane proteins bound in the inner membrane of mitochondria that had 26 protein subunits. NADH and H -> FMN

A

Complex I (NADH)

53
Q

what is reduced by accepting electrons

A

FMN

54
Q

Coenzyme Q is

A

ubinquinone

55
Q

Electrons flow from initial carrier to FAD

A

Complex II (Succinate)

56
Q

Accepts electrons from ubiquinone via intermediates such as cytochromes in what complex

A

Complex III (Cytochrome c)

57
Q

Consists of 10 protein subunits. Cytochormes which contain heme

A

Complex IV

58
Q

In what complexes are H ions pumped out

A

Complex I, II, IV

59
Q

Brown adipose tissue has a lot of

A

mitochondria

60
Q

Hibernating bear

A

ATP not produced even when electron transport chain is active. Energy is released via heat

61
Q

Electron transport is uncoupled from ATP synthesis because bear fat cells have extra pores in mitochondrial membrans

A

Thermogenin or the uncoupling protein

62
Q

Oxidation of Glucose yields how many ATP

A

36 ATP

63
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in

A

water

64
Q

Triacylglycerols are stored without

A

water

65
Q

Fatty acids end up being metabolized to

A

Acetyl-CoA

66
Q

Triacylglycerols are

A

digested

67
Q

What enzyme cleaves the acyl chains off of the triacylglycerols

A

lipases

68
Q

What are made up of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. and can be passed into the bloodstream.

A

Chylomicrons

69
Q

Triacylglycerols can be releaed from chylomicrons by an enzyme known as

A

lipoprotein lipase

70
Q

What are stored and told when to release the fatty acids they are stored in.

A

adipocytes

71
Q

Hormones such as ______ and ______ are blood borne signals for adipocytes to cleave fatty acids from triacylglycerols and release the fatty acids into the bloodstream

A

epinephrine and glucagon

72
Q

Fatty acids are delivered to the muscle cells by

A

albumin

73
Q

transport protein for acyl carnitine via passive transport

A

acyl carnitine transferase

74
Q

B oxidation takes place in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

75
Q

Found in the mitochondrial matrix, is a central molecules in fatty acid synthesis and is converted to citrate

A

Acetyl-CoA

76
Q

Can be transported to the cytoplasm and can be converted back to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm

A

Citrate

77
Q

What is used as feedback to make fatty acids

A

Acetyl-CoA

78
Q

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is bound by a

A

thioester bond

79
Q

The only thing made from fatty acid synthase is

A

palmitite acids

80
Q

What stimulate fatty acid synthase and is a positive regulator of fatty acid synthase.

A

Citrate

81
Q

Increased amount of _____ turns on fatty acid synthase

A

Citrate

82
Q

Palmitoyl CoA inhibits

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

83
Q

triacylglycerols from liver to tissues

A

very low density lipoproteins VLDL

84
Q

High levels of Cholesterol. bad cholesterol

A

LDL

85
Q

lower levels of cholesterol. free cholesterol

A

HDL

86
Q

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, fatty acid metabolism

A

Catabolism

87
Q

gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis

A

Anabolism

88
Q

What links glycolysis with glycogen storage and intake of dietary carbohydrates

A

G6P

89
Q

What links glycolysis to gluconeogenesis with the Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvate

90
Q

under anaerobic conditions

A

glycolysis and fermentation

91
Q

under aerobic conditions

A

Krebs cycle

92
Q

What links the Krebs cycle to pyruvate and fatty acid B oxidation and fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl-CoA (the most central molecule)

93
Q

What links Krebs cycle to gluconeogenesis

A

Oxalacetate

94
Q

Fatty acid synthesis happens in the

A

cytosol

95
Q

B oxidation happens in the

A

mitochondrial matrix

96
Q

What transfers energy from the liver to the muscle during anaerobic metabolism

A

Cori Cycle

97
Q

What are extracellular signals that are produced by endocrine glands, carries in the blood and received by specific cells

A

Hormones

98
Q

What turns on glycogen synthesis and glycolysis and turns off glycogen breakdown when glucose levels are high

A

Insulin

99
Q

What turns on glycogen breakdown when glucose levels are low

A

Glucagon

100
Q

Dephosphorylated Glycogen Synthase is

A

more active

101
Q

Dephosphorylated Glycogen phosphorylase is

A

less active

102
Q

phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase is

A

less active

103
Q

phosphorylated Glycogen phosphorylase is

A

more active

104
Q

What turns on lipases and glycogen phosphorylase to release fatty acids from triacylglycerols and glucose release from glycogen

A

Epinephrine

105
Q

In glycolysis, NADH is increased. The Krebs cycle is inhibited by 2 enzymes. If inhibited then Acetyl-CoA builds up then pyruvate builds up but pyruvate cant build up it turns to

A

Lactate. Increased levels of lactic acid will cause cells to denature and cause a conformational change.

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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