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Sociology A level > Youth > Flashcards

Youth Flashcards

1
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: PARSONS (FUNCTIONALISM)

A
  • Sees youth as a transitional stage, a rite of passage, where individuals look for integration from their peers.
  • Youth is a social category in which emerged due to changes in the family after the development of capitalism. Young people had to become independent and make a living for themselves
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2
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: EISENSTADT (FUNCTIONALISM)

A
  • Youth is a way of bringing young people into society to avoid feelings of stress and anomie. Provides a shared set of norms and values as well as a sense of belonging.
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3
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONALISM

A
  • Functionalists generalize about youth culture and fail to take into account factors such as social class, race and gender
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4
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: MARXISM

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  • Focus on youth subculture and their reaction to conflict within society. Marxist thinkers such as Gramsci discussed the idea of hegemony (the ideological dominance or social authority that the ruling class has over the subordinate classes
  • Some subcultures are a form of resistance against the ruling class and a reaction to the economic situation working class youths find themselves in
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5
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: EVALUATION OF MARXISM

A
  • Focussed too heavily on class. They ignore middle class subcultures and only focus on those to be seen as deviant and of the working class
  • Feminists criticise their theories for ignoring girls in their subcultures
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6
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: MCROBBIE AND GARBER (FEMINISM)

A
  • Girls were absent from most research into youth subcultures. If they were considered, it was reinforcing stereotypical views, presenting them as passive girlfriends of the male subculture members, focussing on their physical appearance
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7
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: EVALUATION OF FEMINISM

A
  • Postmodernists argue that gender is less significant as current subcultures do not have any clear distinctions
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8
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: POLHEMUS (POSTMODERNISM)

A
  • ‘Supermarket of style’ suggests that youth styles are more fluid and changeable. People may create identities from picking up and mixing various cultures. Young people are less likely to restrict themselves and commit to one style
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9
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: THORNTON

A
  • ‘Subculture capital’ is where a club culture is a cluster of subcultures to dance and rave with a shared taste in music surrounding it. The capital provides status and distinguishes individuals from mainstream followers.
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10
Q

Youth culture and subcultures: EVALUATION OF POSTMODERNISM

A
  • Not everyone mixes cultures, there are still some distinct subcultures
  • It is arguably not down to individual choices as lots of subcultures are media driven and artificial
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11
Q

Social class: CLARKE

A
  • Skinhead culture represents an exaggerated version of working-class masculinity. They acted in this way as a form of resistance because they felt their working class identity was under threat due to the economic conditions
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12
Q

Social class: JEFFERSON

A
  • The teddy boys emerged at a time of employment and affluence in the 1950’s. They involved those who did not do very well at school and had nowhere to go. As well as this they wore Edwardian-style jackets that symbolised that they were trying to be like their middle class superiors
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13
Q

Social class: HEBDIGE

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  • Punks, mainly working class youths and students emerged as a result of resistance to mainstream media and fashion industries. Punk culture also had political elements with bands such as The Clash singing about poverty and smashing the system
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14
Q

Social class: MAC AN GHAIL

A
  • Identified different peer groups that had developed in a school. These tended to be based around different social classes. For example the ‘macho lads’ peer group were working class. They were placed in the bottom sets, often misbehaved and saw school work as feminine.
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15
Q

Gender: THORNTON

A
  • The teenage market was dominated by men because girls had less disposable income, were married earlier and earnt alot less than their male counterparts.
  • Girls invested much more time in school achievement, whilst boys invested their time and money in increasing their subcultural capital
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16
Q

Gender: MCROBBIE AND GARBER

A
  • Focused on subcultures where girls were present. Such as mod girls who had similar fashion, however were restricted to certain stereotypes.
  • Bedroom culture is where girls get together and experiment with girly things such as make up. This gave them a private and inaccessible space that protected them from scrutiny of parents and boys
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17
Q

Gender: Reddington

A
  • Some spectacular cultures included very active female members, such as designer Vivienne Westwood in the punk subculture. The punk culture, in particular, acted as a form of resistance for the young woman who did not want to attend secretarial college or get married
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18
Q

Ethnicity: Hebdige

A

Rastafarians and reggae culture- seen as a form of resistance to white culture and racism with roots in slavery. Associated with certain clothing and behaviour. This is a spiritual and political movement which attracted many Carribean migrants to Britain by offering a positive identity and source of opposition against racism and subordination

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19
Q

Ethnicity: Nayak

A

‘White wannabees’ is where white working-class males who adopt the style and language of ‘black culture’ who listen to hip hop and rap and wear lots of bling. Eg. Ali G

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20
Q

Ethnicity: Johal

A

‘Brasian culture’- some British Asians adopt a ‘hyper ethnic style’, an exaggerated for their parent culture, including watching Indian and Hindu films and listening to music from the Asian subcontinent. This provided them with empowerment through difference. However, individuals may exercise ‘code-switching’ depending on social situation

21
Q

Ethnicity: Mercer

A

Styling of hair within black culture has a symbolic meaning. Afro and dreadlock seen as identification of black identity where as straightens hair seen as assimilation into white culture

22
Q

Ethnicity: Modern primitives

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‘Body Modification’ was a US and Western Europe subculture who had loose membership focussed on self expression and individuality.

23
Q

Ethnicity: Cultural exchange

A

A two-way equal process which involved exchanging aspects of each others culture. Criticised for being unrealistic

24
Q

Ethnicity: Cultural appropriation

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The adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of another culture. However, it can be seen as disrespectful of the original culture.

25
Q

Delinquent subculture definitions

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A subculture involved in deviant behaviour such as joyriding and vandalism. It does not have to be criminal

26
Q

Criminal subculture defintiion

A

Subcultures that are actively involved in criminal behaviour such as drug dealing, protection rackets or dealing in stolen goods

27
Q

Spectacular subculture definitions

A

Highly visible subcultures with flamboyant and recognisable styles with confrontational attitudes

28
Q

Antischool subculture definition

A

Groups of pupils who reject the norms and values of the school and reject them.

29
Q

Gangs defintion

A

A group of young people who regularly associate together. A gang will often have a name, territory, a leader, hierarchy and rules

30
Q

Social class: Jacobsen

A

Studied 200 young people and children in custody. Found:

  • 3/4 had absent fathers
  • 1/2 lived in a deprived household and/or unsuitable accomodation
  • Under 1/2 have run away
  • More than 1/4 have witnessed domestic violence
  • Over 1/2 had truanted or regularly failed to attend school
  • 1/2 excluded from school
31
Q

Gender: Home Office statistics

A

According to victim surveys, self-report studies and police evidence most crime is carried out by males. Home office statistics show that woman made up only 5% of the prison population. The peak age for female offending is 15 where as 18 for males

32
Q

Ethnicity: Home Office statistics

A

Statistics show that young people from a black ethnic background accounted for 21% of young people in custody in 2012/2013. Young black males are also more likely to be stopped and searched than their white counterparts

33
Q

Merton

A

Strain theory. Everyone shares the same norms and values; however, they are placed in different positions of the structure (class system). If they do not have legitimate means of achieving them, some in crime and deviant way; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

34
Q

Albert Cohen

A

Status frustration. Young working class males face frustration due to low status and little respect from society

35
Q

Cloward and Ohlin

A

Influenced by Merton’s strain theory but argued for a parallel opportunity structure to the legitimate one called the ‘illegitimate opportunity structure’. Individuals likely to respond in 3 ways; criminal, conflict and retreatist

36
Q

Miller

A

Argued that deviance is linked to the culture of lower-class males. He argues that working-class youths had 6 focal concerns that are likely to lead to crime/deviance; smartness, toughness, excitement, trouble, autonomy, fate

37
Q

Murray

A

Underclass theory

38
Q

Lea and Young

A

If a group share a sense of relative deprivation they develop a lifestyle to help them cope. A particular subculture is not automatic or inevitable human creativity will allow a variety of solutions to the problems

39
Q

Becker

A

No behaviour is inherently deviant. Society creates rules and deviant behaviour is behaviour that is seen to break those rules. Some groups are more likely to be labelled than others. Self-fulfilling prophecy.

40
Q

Cicourel

A

The police are often prone to judging people and the labels affect the official rates of offending. The police focus more on working class areas. Working class youths fit their view of the typical delinquent. Middle-class youths find it easier to negotiate their way out of trouble. Home office statistics are socially constructive.

41
Q

Culture: Young

A

Gangs - we live in a ‘bulimic society’, a contradictory culture in which citizens are encourages to worship money, status and success but may exclude from achieving these things. He sees working-class youth deviance as an emotional response to social exclusion and a desire for inclusion

42
Q

Culture: HArding

A

Gangs - an ethnographic study of local residents, professionals and gang members in London. Gangs are seen as a social arena of competition where members struggle for status, position and survival.

43
Q

Culture: Willis

A

Class - ‘learning to labour’, he focussed on working-class boys in Birmingham. He found that the boys saw themselves as a failure but turned it around to a good thing. Bullied those who tried at school, gets jobs etc

44
Q

Culture: Mac an Ghail

A

Class - identified different peer groups that had developed in a school. These tended to be based around different social class e.g. macho lads

45
Q

Culture: Alexander

A

Ethnicity - studied a group of Bengali youths in London and found that they often get involved in fighting amongst themselves and others. Memberships and allegiances within these groups were constantly shifting and evolving. However, it was the media that created the myth of Asian gang which was fuelled by Islamophobia

46
Q

Culture: Sewell

A

Ethnicity - cultural comfort zone is where we associate ourselves with those similar to us. He linked this to Afro Carribean boys, preferring to hang around in gangs with peers than to be white middle class. Identified 4 groups; conformists, retreatists, rebels, innovators

47
Q

Culture: Heidensohn

A

Gender - a feminist explanation. Girls are subjected to more social control in terms of their behaviour than boys especially in terms of reputation by their peers.

48
Q

Culture: Messerschmidt

A

Gender - gangs act as a location for ‘doing masculinity’ which has to be accomplished and proved. Criminal and deviant behaviour could be seen as an extension of desirable masculine traits

49
Q

Media: Pearson

A

Rowdy youths were labelled as hooligans which led to sensational headlines and media coverage denouncing their behaviour as ‘alien’ and ‘un-British’. Violent crimes aroun the time were also reported with ‘hooligan’ label even if they did not involve youths or gang related

Sociology A level (7 decks)

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