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MCAT-PSYCHOLOGY > Population Studies > Flashcards

Population Studies Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

the collection of people in a defined geographical area

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2
Q

population growth rate

A

the rate of population change in a specified time period, reported as a percent of the initial population

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3
Q

overpopulation

A

point where there are more people than can be sustained

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4
Q

carrying capacity

A

total possible population that can be supported with relevant resources and without significant negative effects in a given area

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5
Q

population projections

A

estimates of future populations made from mathematical extrapolations of previous data, usually based on birth/death/migration rates, do not consider unpredicted effects on population

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6
Q

crude birth rate (CBR)

A

the annual number of births per 1000 people in a population (10-20=low 40-50=high)

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7
Q

crude death rate (CDR)

A

the annual number of deaths per 1000 persons in a population (less than 10=low above 20=high)

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8
Q

rate of population change

A

the difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate

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9
Q

age-specific birth rates/age-specific death rates

A

annual number of births/deaths per 1000 persons in an age group

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10
Q

fertility

A

ability of a woman to reproduce

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11
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproductive capacity of a woman

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12
Q

general fertility rate

A

the annual number of births per 1000 women in a population

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13
Q

total fertility rate

A

predicts the total number of births per single woman in a population with the assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age-specific fertility rates and reaches the end of her reproductive life

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14
Q

replacement fertility rate

A

the fertility rate at which the population will remain balanced

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15
Q

sub-replacement fertility

A

indicates that the birth rate is less than the death rate, thus the population size will not be sustained

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16
Q

population-lag effect

A

changes in total fertility rates are often not reflected in the birth rate for several generations, result of population momentum

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17
Q

population momentum

A

the children produced during periods of higher fertility rates reproduce; there are more women of reproductive age and thus more births overall, regardless of the number of births per women

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18
Q

mortality

A

the death rate in a population, includes both general and specific measures

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19
Q

morbidity

A

the nature and extent of disease in a population

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20
Q

prevalence rate

A

measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease

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21
Q

incidence rate

A

measures the number of new cases of a disease

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22
Q

case fatality rate

A

measures deaths as the result of a set diagnosis or procedures, sometimes specific to the beginning or late stages

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23
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the annual number of deaths per 1000 infants under one year of age

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24
Q

life expectancy

A

the number of years that an individual at a given age can expect to life at present mortality rates

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25
Q

migration

A

the geographical movement of individuals, families, or other small or large groups of people, implies the intention of permanent relocation

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26
Q

nomadism

A

traditional method of continuous travel in search of natural resources as a method of sustenance (no intention to settle)

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27
Q

external migration

A

cross-border or international migration, involves migration to another nation

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28
Q

internal migration

A

involves migration to another region of the same nation

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29
Q

voluntary migration

A

the result of internal factors (a personal decision)

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30
Q

involuntary migration

A

forced migration that is the result of external factors that pose a threat to the individual in their initial environments and are often a form of social control

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31
Q

settlers

A

those who migrate to an unsettled area

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32
Q

refugees

A

those who migrate to settled areas as a result of displacement

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33
Q

colonization

A

involves migration to settled areas in which dominance is exerted over the foreign state

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34
Q

immigration

A

involves entering a new area and these people are often called immigrants

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35
Q

emigration

A

involves leaving an old area, these people are called emigrants

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36
Q

reverse migration

A

return migration, the return of individuals to their former homes

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37
Q

push factors

A

those unattractive about an area that push people to leave, component considered in migration

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38
Q

pull factors

A

things that are attractive about an area, component considered in migration

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39
Q

social geography is interested in:

A

the spatial distribution of individuals and social groups

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40
Q

urbanization

A

the growth of urban areas as the result of global change

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41
Q

industrialization

A

the process through which societies transform from agrarian to industrial in nature

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42
Q

rural flight

A

(rural exodus), studies the migration from rural areas to urban areas

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43
Q

suburbanization

A

refers to population growth on the fringes of urban areas, as people move from urban areas to suburban areas

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44
Q

suburbs

A

residential satellite communities located in the peripheral regions of major urban centres that are often connected to the cities in some fashion

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45
Q

white flight

A

a historical example of suburbanization that involved the migration of whites from cities to more racially homogenous suburbs

46
Q

urban sprawl

A

the migration of people from urban areas to otherwise remote areas

47
Q

urban blight

A

occurs when less functioning areas of large cities degrade as a result of urban decline

48
Q

gentrification

A

refers to the renovation of urban areas in a process of urban renewal

49
Q

urban renewal

A

the redevelopment of urban areas (ex. gentrification)

50
Q

demographic transition (DT)

A

the transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates as a result of a country’s development from a pre-industrial to industrial framework due to both economic and social changes (theory of population change)

51
Q

Malthusianism

A

states that the possible rate of population increase exceeds the possible rate of resource increase, critique of utopian views, population growth limited by positive and preventative checks

52
Q

positive check

A

raise the death rate

53
Q

preventative check

A

lowers the birth rate

54
Q

Malthusian Catastrophe

A

occurs when the means of sustenance are not enough to support the population, resulting in population reduction through actual or predicted famine

55
Q

Neo-Malthusianism

A

a movement based on Malthusianism principles that advocate for population control in order to reduce the negative effects of population strain

56
Q

demography

A

the study of human population dynamics, including the size, structure, and distribution of a population, and changes in the population over time due to birth, death, and migration

57
Q

minorities

A

demographic groups that receive differential treatment through processes of prejudice and discrimination due to their shared characteristics

58
Q

dominant group

A

those with the social power to assign labels

59
Q

age cohorts

A

an example of statistical cohorts in which a group of subjects share the characteristic of age

60
Q

cohort studies

A

longitudinal studies which conduct research for extended periods of time to better understand the different perspectives of those in the cohort and those in the general population

61
Q

generations

A

aka generational cohorts, groups of people born in the same period that share specific and distinct experiences that become representative of the group

62
Q

population aging

A

occurs when there is a disproportionate among of older people in a population

63
Q

ageism

A

a prejudice or discrimination against a person based on age, often against older people

64
Q

social aging

A

reflects the biological changes in a multidimensional process in which individuals experience complex emotional and social changes

65
Q

rites of passages

A

rituals that reflect important life transitions and also include more personal changes

66
Q

sex

A

biological characteristic that is assigned at birth and permanent in most cases, based on chromosomes, external genitalia, gonads, and hormones

67
Q

gender

A

social characteristic (a social construction) that is learned and flexible, it is based on behavioural role expectations

68
Q

gender roles

A

describe the social and behavioural expectations for men and women that are often internalized and become connected to our self-identities and thus influences our behaviours

69
Q

gender expression

A

the external manifestation of gender roles

70
Q

sexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on a flawed perception of the genders in which men are viewed as dominant and women are viewed as subordinate

71
Q

transsexual individuals

A

gender identities that are inconsistent with their biological sex divisions

72
Q

gender segregation

A

social structures that contribute to the separation of genders (although it is usually more accurately described as sex segregation)

73
Q

race

A

description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics, often inherited biological traits but can also be cultural, ethnic, and geographical in nature (social construct)

74
Q

ethnicity

A

a description of a distinct social group based on certain shared characteristics which include common ancestral, cultural, geographical, historical, linguistic, and/or national experiences (social construct)

75
Q

what are the five largest ethnic groups?

A

Han Chinese, Hindustani, Arabs, Bengalis, Russians

76
Q

ethnogenesis

A

a social process that results in the creation of separate ethnicities (ex. development of tribes into independent ethnic groups)

77
Q

racism

A

prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race, or hold that one race is inferior to another

78
Q

racial formation perspective

A

a perspective of the social construction of race that views race as not genetic, but constructed through economic, political, and social forces that have the social control to create categories of race, and ascribe social meanings to these categories. views race as a complex and fluid social construct

79
Q

racialization (ethnicization)

A

the social process in which the dominant group ascribes racial or ethnic identities, perceived or real, to groups that do not otherwise relate to the labels

80
Q

heterosexism

A

prejudice or discrimination against a person based on their sexual orientation toward the same sex

81
Q

heteronormative beliefs

A

consider heterosexual to be the preferred sexual orientation, and often enforce strict gender roles

82
Q

immigration controls

A

formal policies that define and regulate who has the right to settle in an area

83
Q

globalization

A

the process of increasing interdependence of societies and connections between people across the world

84
Q

economic interdependence

A

a division of labour on a global scale

85
Q

outsourcing

A

involves the contracting of third parties for specific operations

86
Q

non-governmental organizations

A

organizations without an official government affiliation with the intention of contributing the to the lessening of global issues

87
Q

civil unrest

A

(civil disorder) involve forms of collective behaviour in which there is public expression of the group’s concern, often in response to major social problems

88
Q

terrorism

A

use of indiscriminate violence with the intention to create fear in target communities

89
Q

related deprivation

A

refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have the resources needed for the social experiences and services that are seen as appropriate for their social position, can contribute to social deviance

90
Q

social stratification

A

refers to the way that people are categorized in society, a system that defines the differences and also reinforces and perpetuates them

91
Q

caste system

A

describes a closed stratification where people can do nothing to change the category they were born into

92
Q

class system

A

considers both social variables and individual initiative, people can move between classes

93
Q

meritocracy

A

a stratification system that uses merit (or personal effort) to establish social standing (idealized system)

94
Q

socioeconomic status

A

can be defined in terms of power, property, and prestige (upper class, middle class, working class, lower class)

95
Q

social mobility

A

refers to the ability to move up or down within the social stratification system

96
Q

upward mobility

A

refers to an increase in social class

97
Q

downward mobility

A

refers to a decrease in social class

98
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

occurs when there is an increase or decrease in social class between parents and children within a family

99
Q

intragenerational mobility

A

describes the differences in social class between different members of the same generation

100
Q

class consciousness

A

an individual’s active awareness of his/her membership in a social class

101
Q

false consciousness

A

when one does not recognize the state of class relations under capitalism (ex. failure to realize meritocracy works against the proletariat)

102
Q

social reproduction

A

refers to the structures and activities in place in a society that serve to transmit and reinforce social inequality from one generation to the next, occurs by cultural and social capital

103
Q

cultural capital

A

refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility

104
Q

social capital

A

refers to the potential for social networks to allow for upward social mobility

105
Q

privilege

A

a set of unearned benefits one receives because of some attribute largely outside of their control

106
Q

intersectionality

A

analytical approach that seeks to highlight the ways different identities intersect within individuals and social groups to produce unique social positions (identities do not combine additively and should not be considered in isolation)

107
Q

global stratification

A

compares the wealth, economic stability, and power of various countries, comparisons highlight worldwide patterns of global inequality

108
Q

relative poverty

A

the inability to meet the average standard of living within a society

109
Q

absolute poverty

A

inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities

110
Q

social epidemiology

A

the study of the distribution of health and disease across a population, with the focus on using social concepts to explain patterns of health and illness in a population, attempts to explain health care disparities

MCAT-PSYCHOLOGY (11 decks)

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