Hydrograph And Fluvial Process And Features

Question 1

Peak flow

Answer 1

Maximum discharge to a river

Question 2

Rising limb

Answer 2

The rising flood water in the river

Question 3

Base flow

Answer 3

Average amount represents

The date to day discharge of river due ground floor water seeps info channel

Question 4

Lag time

Answer 4

Time difference between the peak of rainstorm to the peak flow of the river

Question 5

Overland flow

Answer 5

The same as surface run off water water runs over the surface as it cannot infiltrate land

Question 6

Through flow

Answer 6

Takes place when the soil is completely saturated with water rate of water movement is slow e.g. surface run off

Question 7

What causes a flashy hydrograph

Answer 7

Small basin
High density of water speed up water transfer
Impermeable land Leads to rapid overland flow
Urbanisation encourages rapid water transfer
Steep slopes rapid overland flow
Saturate soils causes rapid overland flow
Heavy rains exceed infiltration capacity of vegetation

Question 8

What causes a flat hydrograph

Answer 8

Large basin and a low density of water slows down water transfer
Permeable rocks creates a slow transfer of groundwater flow
Forests causes interception
Gentle slopes slow down water transfer
Soils soke up water and slows down water transfer
Light rain falk will slow down the water transfer

Question 9

Floodplains definition

Answer 9

An area of low lying ground adjacent to river formed by sediment from river and is proned to floods

Question 10

Levees

Answer 10

A ride of sediments deposited naturally along banks by overflowing water

Question 11

Estuaries

Answer 11

The tidal mouth of a large river where the tide meets the stream

Question 12

Floodplains formation

Answer 12

When rivers flood on flood plains it slows down and deposits eroded materials that it was transporting
This builds up the floodplains

Question 13

Meander and floodplains

Answer 13

Meanders migrate across floodplains makes it more wider

Deposition also happens on slip off slopes of meander also builds up floodplains

Question 14

Levees are natural embankments

Answer 14

During a flood eroded materials are deposit along edge of the river channel
Heavy material are deposit close to river channel as it is the first to drop when the river slows down
This continues to create a levee

Question 15

Examples of levee

Answer 15

New orleans

Yellow river China

Question 16

Estuaries are tidal areas where the river meets the sea 🌊

Answer 16

Water here is tidal so the river levels changes all the time
The water floods bank of river which has sand and silt onto Valley floor
As the tide is at its highest point water slows down and deposits
This builds up as it continues

Question 17

What happens at lowest tides to the estuaries

Answer 17

The muddy banks are exposed

Question 18

What it created in estuaries

Answer 18

Mudflats e.g the Severn estuaries

Question 19

Meanders formation step one

Answer 19

The current is faster on the outside than inside of the bend as the river chanel is deeper
There s less friction to slow water down

Question 20

Meanders formation step two ✌

Answer 20

So more erosion happens to the outside bend forming river cliffs

Question 21

Meanders formation step three

Answer 21

The current is slower on the inside of the bend because the river channel is shallower as there is more friction to slow the water down

Question 22

Meanders formation step four

Answer 22

So erode materials is deposited on the inside of the bend forming a slipped off slopes

Question 23

Oxbow lake step one

Answer 23

Erosion causes the inside of the bend to get closer until there is a small bit of land left between bend the neck

Question 24

Oxbow lake step two ✌

Answer 24

The river breaks through the land usually during a flood and the river slows along the shorter course

Question 25

🐂 oxbow lake step three

Answer 25

Deposition eventually cuts off the meander forming an oxbow lake

Question 26

Interlocking spurs step one

Answer 26

In the upper course of a river most erosion is vertically 👇 downwards this creates a steep sides v shapes Valley

Question 27

Interlock spurs step two ✌

Answer 27

The river are not powerful enough to erode laterally they wind 💨 around the high hillside that stick out into their paths on either side

Question 28

Interlocking spurs step three

Answer 28

The hillsides that interlock with each other as the river winds around them are called interlocking spurs

Question 29

Examples of interlock spurs

Answer 29

Rivers in Shropshire

Question 30

Waterfalls formation step one

Answer 30

River flows past hard then soft rock
Soft rock erodes due to abrasion
This create a step in river

Question 31

Waterfalls formation step two ✌

Answer 31

Erosion of soft rock continues

This becomes steep and it become a wayerfall

Question 32

Example of waterfalls

Answer 32

Victoria falls nieagra falls

Question 33

Formation of Gorges step one

Answer 33

Hard Rock is undercut by erosion this is unsupported then collapses

Question 34

Formation of Gorges step two ✌

Answer 34

These collapse rocks swirl around at foot of waterfalls where it erodes the soft rock by erosion
This creates a plunge pool 🎱

Question 35

Gorges formation step three

Answer 35

More undercutting happens causing more collapses the waterfall retreats and creates a Gorges

Question 36

Examples of Gorges

Answer 36

The grand canyon