Term 3 Bio

Question 1

What are enzymes?

Answer 1

Biological catalysts in metabolic reactions

Question 2

What is the job of enzymes

Answer 2

They allow substrates to bind onto their active site, breaking them down into products

Question 3

What are some common enzymes?

Answer 3

Amylase - breaks starch into glucose
Protease - breaks protein into amino acids
Lipase - breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 4

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Answer 4

• Higher temperature enzyme activity increases as it is closer to its optimum temperature
• Enzymes increase in kinetic energy, more successful collisions
• Rate of metabolic reaction increases

Question 5

What happens to enzymes when temp. is too high?

Answer 5

• Enzymes will denature
• High temp. destroys shape of active site, substrate can’t fit in
• Metabolic reactions can’t happen

Question 6

How does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 6

• High pH, enzyme activity increases as it maintains shape of active site so substrate can fit in, metabolic reactions can take place
• Rate of metabolic reactions increase

Question 7

What happens if pH is too high

Answer 7

• Enzymes will denature
• Destroys shape of active site so substrate can’t fit in
• Metabolic reactions can’t take place.

Question 8

What is ATP

Answer 8

Energy carrying molecules used in cells b/c it can real ease energy very quickly (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 9

Equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 9

Glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——-> 6CO2 + H2O

Question 10

ATP info

Answer 10

• ATP carries phosphates, energy is released from ATP when the end phosphate is removed, and becomes Adenosine DIphosphate
• ADP can recharged to its normal form by adding phosphate, which requires energy.

Question 11

Aerobic respiration

Answer 11

• The breaking down of glucose to release energy using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• Takes place in the mitochondria

Question 12

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 12

-The braking down of glucose to release energy without using oxygen to produce lactic acid in humans, carbon dioxide and ethanol in plants and yeast
-Takes place during exercise
- Eq (humans) Glucose —–> lactic acid
(plants and yeast) Glucose —-> Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 13

Thorax

Answer 13

Part of the boy between the neck and the abdomen

Question 14

Ribs

Answer 14

Bone structure that protects internal organs such as the lungs

Question 15

Intercostal muscles

Answer 15

Muscles between the ribs to control it during inhalation and exhalation

Question 16

Trachea

Answer 16

Windpipe that connects the mouth and nose to the lungs

Question 17

Bronchi

Answer 17

Thick tubes that divide into bronchioles for each lung

Question 18

Bronchioles

Answer 18

Bronchi will split to form smaller tubes called bronchioles that are in the lungs, connected to the alveoli

Question 19

Alveoli

Answer 19

Tiny air sacks, surrounded by blood capilares were gas exchange takes place

Question 20

Inhalation

Answer 20

• Intercostal muscles will contract, pulling ribcage up and out
• Diaphragm will contract pulling downwards
• Volume increases
• Pressure decreases

Question 21

Exhalation

Answer 21

• Intercostal muscles will relax, pushing ribcage down and in
• Diaphragm will relax, pushing upwards
• Volume decreases
• Pressure increases

Question 22

How alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

F

Answer 22

Folded: Increases the surface area to volume ratio for the diffusion of gases (efficient rate of gas exchange)

Question 23

How alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

T

Answer 23

Thin cell walls: They are one cell thick, so the distance of diffusion is short increasing the rate of diffusion of gases

Question 24

How alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

S

Answer 24

Strong concentration gradient: Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capilares, which maintains a strong g concentration gradient and blood supply, allowing oxygen to diffuse out and carbon dioxide to diffuse in.

Question 25

How alveoli is adapted for gas exchange

E

Answer 25

Each alveolus is ventilated: Acces to the lungs helps remove waste carbon dioxide and replenishing oxygen levels in the alveolar air, also allows the maximum concentration gradient between the blood and air in the alveoli

Question 26

Smoking

Answer 26

Causes heart disease and contains cancer

Question 27

Smoking- effects on air passages

Answer 27

• Tar destroys the cilia (carries away dust and microbes trapped by mucus) causing the build up of mucus and can cause bronchitis
• Tar contains carcinogens that cause lung cancer

Question 28

Smoking- effects on alveoli

Answer 28

• Tar breaks down walls of alveoli, causing them to merge together. This creates an insufficient surface area to volume ratio, allowing less gas exchange
• Less gas exchange causes insufficient oxygen so will reduce the efficiency of gas exchange, causing emphysema share less oxygen is carried in blood.

Question 29

Smoking-Effects in the circulatory system

Answer 29

• Nicotine narrows blood vessels so will put strain on circulatory system and increase blood pressure.
• Narrow blood vessels causes the build up of fat globes, if this Halle s in the coronary artery it causes the coronary heart disease
• Blocks blood to the heart, less oxygen so less aerobic respiration, will produce lactic acid,this will create a low pH enviroment to enzymes will denature and heart cells will die