Chapter 9 Final Exam

Question 1

What are the differences between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?

Answer 1

Prejudice: Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members

Stereotypes: Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people. Overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)

Discrimination: Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Question 2

Define racism

Answer 2

Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race

Question 3

Define sexism.

Answer 3

Prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex

Question 4

What are implicit and explicit attitudes? How have they been measured?

Answer 4

Apart of ourt dual attitude system
Implict attitudes are Automatic /unconscious
Explicit Attitudes are Conscious (making an active choice to act a certina way)

Implicit Association test has been used to measure peoples speed of association

Question 5

Is racial prejudice disappearing?

Answer 5

Yes and no tredning downward. Still hate crimes, refusal to vote for qualifed Black president

Question 6

What are some subtle forms of prejudice?

Answer 6

Labor market discrimination: call back on resumes based on white sounding name (MIT experiment)

Race sensitivity: overpraising accomplishments

Patronization: avoiding criticism. Ex. Only expecting a subpar assignment from a minority student.

Question 7

What is automatic prejudice? What studies support this concept?

Answer 7

Automatic (implicit) Involves primitive regions of the brain associated with fear (amygdala)
Critics note that unconscious associations may only indicate cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice

Question 8

What are three aspects of gender stereotypes?

Answer 8

Strong gender stereotypes exist.

Members of the stereotyped group accept the stereotypes.

Most believe that men and women are different yet equal.

Question 9

What are some examples of benevolent sexism and hostile sexism?

Answer 9

Benevolent Sexism: women have a superior moral sensibility (it can sound postive but still has ability to impede gender equity)

Hostile Sexism: once a man is married, she puts him on a leash. Can be a predictor of future gender equity

Question 10

How does gender discrimination differ in Western and Non-Western countries?

Answer 10

Disappearing in democratic Western countries

Non-Western countries gender bias is still strong:

2/3 of world’s unschooled children are girls
Prosecution of rape victims for adultery

Question 11

What are the social sources of prejudice?

Answer 11

Social Inequalities: Unequal Status and Prejudice
Institutional Supports
Socialization: Religion and prejudice, Ethnocentricity, Authoritarian personality, and Conformity

Question 12

What is social dominance orientation? How does it affect prejudice?

Answer 12

Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups
Being in a dominant high-status position tends to promote this orientation and justification
Social inequalities breeds not only prejudice, but mistrust

Question 13

How does socialization affect prejudice?

Answer 13

Prejudice can come from our acquired values and attitudes
Children’s implicit racial attitudes reflect their parents’ explicit racial attitudes
Families and culture can pass along information regarding whom to distrust and dislike

Question 14

How do institutional supports bolster prejudice?

Answer 14

through overt policies such as segeration or passively reenforcing the status quo. Schools tend to reenforce dominat cultural attitudes

Question 15

What are the motivational sources of prejudice?

Answer 15

Frustration and Aggression: The Scapegoat Theory

Social Identity Theory: Feeling Superior to Others

Question 16

How does the scapegoat theory explain motivation to be prejudice?

Answer 16

Displaced aggression: Hate crimes

Realistic group conflict theory: Prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

Question 17

How does social identity theory explain motivation to be prejudice?

Answer 17

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships
We categorize
We identify
We compare
Ingroup (us) vs outgroup (them)
\: Ingroup bias:
Tendency to favor one’s own group
Supports a positive self-concept
Feeds favoritism

Question 18

How does motivation to avoid prejudice lead people to modify their thoughts and actions?

Answer 18

Motivation to avoid prejudice can lead people to modify their thoughts and actions
Self-conscious people will feel guilt and try to inhibit their prejudicial response
Unwanted thoughts and feelings often persist, breaking the prejudice habit is not easy

Question 19

What are the cognitive sources of prejudice?

Answer 19

Categorization: Classifying People into Groups
Distinctiveness: Perceiving People Who Stand Out
Attribution: Is It a Just World?

Question 20

How does spontaneous categorization act as a foundation for prejudice?

Answer 20

outgroup homogeneity effect- they are all alike and we are all different

Question 21

How does perceived similarities and differences act as a foundation for prejudice?

Answer 21

fundamental attribution error, mistaking faces of different races, in-group-outgroup attribution. discintivness feeding self-consciousness

Question 22

What is outgroup homogeneity effect?

Answer 22

outgroup homogeneity effect- they are all alike and we are all different

Question 23

What is own-race bias?

Answer 23

Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Question 24

How does distinctiveness and perceptions of those who stand out affect prejudice?

Answer 24

Stereotypes assume a correlation between group membership and individuals’ presumed characteristics
Attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create illusory correlations
Pre-existing stereotypes can lead us to see correlations that aren’t there

Question 25

What is stigma consciousness?

Answer 25

Person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination

Question 26

Define group-serving bias.

Answer 26

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions
Assuming the best about own race while not others. Special cases for when something postive or negative happens

Question 27

Define just-world phenomenon.

Answer 27

Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 28

What are the consequences of prejudice?

Answer 28

Self-Perpetuating Prejudgments
Discrimination’s Impact: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Stereotype Threat

Question 29

What is subtyping vs. subgrouping?

Answer 29

Subtyping
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”
Subgrouping:
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group

Question 30

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 30

Disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Question 31

Do stereotypes bias judgments of individuals?

Answer 31

Yes, but people often evaluate individuals more positively than the groups they compose.

Strong Stereotypes Matter
Stereotypes Bias Interpretations
Affect how events are interpreted
We evaluate people more extremely when their behavior violates our stereotypes