Background Material

Question 1

Two broad categories of joint classification:

Answer 1

Synarthroses (nonsynovial joints)

Diarthroses (synovial joints – most of the joints in the body are this type)

Question 2

Synarthroses joint types

Answer 2

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Question 3

Fibrous joints

Answer 3

Suture
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis

Question 4

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 4

Symphysis

Synchondrosis

Question 5

Suture (Fibrous)

Answer 5

Sutures of skull: As we age the bones grow together to form a synostosis where little or no movement is possible.

Question 6

Syndesmosis (Fibrous)

Answer 6

a type of fibrous joint in which two bones are joined directly by a ligament, cord or aponeurotic membrane

Question 7

Gomphosis (Fibrous)

Answer 7

the two bony components are adapted to each other like a peg in a hole. The two components are connected by fibrous tissue.

Question 8

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

Answer 8

the two bony components are directly joined by fibrocartilage in the form of disks or plates

Question 9

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous)

Answer 9

Permanent and temporary connect of hyaline growth cartilage.

Question 10

movement in the sagittal plane, from anatomical position

Answer 10

Flexion

Question 11

movement in the sagittal plane, back to anatomical position

Answer 11

Extension

Question 12

movement in the frontal plane, away from the midline of the body or segment

Answer 12

Abduction

Question 13

movement in the frontal plane, toward the midline of the body or segment

Answer 13

Adduction

Question 14

movement in the transverse plane, reference point turns away from midline or reference point of the body

Answer 14

External rotation

Question 15

movement in the transverse plane, reference point turns toward the midline or reference point on the body

Answer 15

Internal rotation

Question 16

movement in the transverse plane, away from the midline of the body (used for hip and shoulder)

Answer 16

Horizontal abduction

Question 17

movement in the transverse plane, toward the midline of the body

Answer 17

Horizontal adduction

Question 18

movement in the frontal plane, away from the midline of the body (neck/trunk)

Answer 18

Lateral flexion

Question 19

foot movement, reference segment moves toward midline

Answer 19

Inversion

Question 20

foot movement, reference segment moves away from midline

Answer 20

Eversion

Question 21

foot movement (triplanar) combination of inversion, horizontal adduction and plantar flexion  (all referenced to the calcaneus)
forearm movement - turning the palm of the hand up

Answer 21

Supination

Question 22

foot movement (triplanar) combination of eversion, horizontal abduction and dorsi flexion (all referenced to the calcaneus)
forearm movement - turning the palm of the hand down

Answer 22

Pronation

Question 23

foot movement towards the plantar surface

Answer 23

Plantar flexion

Question 24

foot movement towards the dorsal surface

Answer 24

Dorsi flexion

Question 25

movement of a segment anteriorly

Answer 25

Protraction

Question 26

movement of a segment posteriorly

Answer 26

Retraction

Question 27

Flexion

Answer 27

movement in the sagittal plane, from anatomical position

Question 28

Extension

Answer 28

movement in the sagittal plane, back to anatomical position

Question 29

Abduction

Answer 29

movement in the frontal plane, away from the midline of the body or segment

Question 30

Adduction

Answer 30

movement in the frontal plane, toward the midline of the body or segment

Question 31

External rotation

Answer 31

movement in the transverse plane, reference point turns away from midline or reference point of the body

Question 32

Internal rotation

Answer 32

movement in the transverse plane, reference point turns toward the midline or reference point on the body

Question 33

Horizontal abduction

Answer 33

movement in the transverse plane, away from the midline of the body (used for hip and shoulder)

Question 34

Horizontal adduction

Answer 34

movement in the transverse plane, toward the midline of the body

Question 35

Lateral flexion

Answer 35

movement in the frontal plane, away from the midline of the body (neck/trunk)

Question 36

Inversion

Answer 36

foot movement, reference segment moves toward midline

Question 37

Eversion

Answer 37

foot movement, reference segment moves away from midline

Question 38

Supination

Answer 38

foot movement (triplanar) combination of inversion, horizontal adduction and plantar flexion  (all referenced to the calcaneus)
forearm movement - turning the palm of the hand up

Question 39

Pronation

Answer 39

foot movement (triplanar) combination of eversion, horizontal abduction and dorsi flexion (all referenced to the calcaneus)
forearm movement - turning the palm of the hand down

Question 40

Plantar flexion

Answer 40

foot movement towards the plantar surface

Question 41

Dorsi flexion

Answer 41

foot movement towards the dorsal surface

Question 42

Protraction

Answer 42

movement of a segment anteriorly

Question 43

Retraction

Answer 43

movement of a segment posteriorly