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Biology GCSE > Topic 5 - Health, Disease And Medicine > Flashcards

Topic 5 - Health, Disease And Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of health

A

A state of physical, mental and social well-being

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2
Q

Types of disease

A

Communicable

Non-communicable

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Can be passed from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a non-communicable disease

A

Not passed between people

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5
Q

What is a pathogen

A

And organism that causes an infection disease

Bacteria/virus/fungi/protist

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6
Q

Characteristics of communicable disease

A

Rapid variation in number of cases overtime

Often localised

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7
Q

Example of communicable disease

A

Malaria
Cholera
Typhoid

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8
Q

Characteristics non-communicable disease

A

No. of cases changes gradually

May be widely spread

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9
Q

Example of non-communicable disease

A

Cancer
Diabetes
Heart disease

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10
Q

4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protist

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11
Q

How bacteria causes illness

A

May release toxins to make us feel ill

Some invade body cells

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12
Q

How virus causes illness

A

Takes over body cells DNA causing cell to make toxins

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13
Q

What is a fungi

A

A eukaryotic organism

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14
Q

How does a protist cause illness

A

Damage cells or how they work

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15
Q

Cholera

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms - diarrhoea

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16
Q

Malaria

A

Communicable
Protist
Symptoms- fever/weakness/temperatures

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17
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Communicable
Virus
Symptoms- maybe flu/repeated infections occur when immune system doesn’t work

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18
Q

TB

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms-Blood speckled mucus/ weight loss/ temperatures

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19
Q

Ebola

A

Communicable
Virus
Symptoms- Internal bleeding/ fever/ vomit/ diarrhoea

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20
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

Communicable
Bacterium
Symptoms- Stomach pain/bleeding

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21
Q

Ash die back

A

In plant
Communicable
Fungus
Symptoms- leaf loss/ bark damage/ Dieback of top of tree

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22
Q

Why is it useful to u dertsant how pathogens spread

A

Can try to find out how to reduce or prevent it

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23
Q

How does malaria spread

A

1) infect mosquito bites so injects protist
2) infect liver cells
3) infect red blood cells
4) another mosquito infected when bites this person

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24
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread

A

1) virus enters blood and reproduces in white blood cells
2) causes white blood cell destruction
3) AIDS occurs, immune system doesn’t work
4) immune system can’t fight infections

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25
Q

How Ebola spreads

A

1) Insects liver cells, blood vessel lining cells and white blood cells
2) it multiplies inside cells and destroys them
3) causing symptoms

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26
Q

How to reduce spread of cholera

A

Boil water

Wash hands to prevent spread by touch

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27
Q

How to reduce spread or TB

A

Ventilate buildings to reduce chance of breathing in bacteria in droplets of mucus

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28
Q

How to reduce spread of malaria

A

Prevent mosquito vectors eg use mosquito net

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29
Q

How to reduce stomach ulcers

A

Cook food to kill bacteria

Wash hands to avoid transfer

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30
Q

How to reduce spread of Ebola

A

Isolate infected people

Wear fully protective clothes around them

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31
Q

What are the 2 life cycles or a virus

A

Lytic

Lysogenic

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32
Q

How lytic virus lifecycle happens

A

1) Virus attach to host cell
2) Enters fell and injects it’s DNA or RNA
3) DNA copies itself causing new virus proteins to be made using organelles in host cell
4) These proteins make new viruses which are released from cell and so destroy host cell

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33
Q

How lysogenic virus lifecycle happens

A

1) virus inserts it’s DNA into chromosomes of host cell (now is provirus)
2) provirus replicates with rest of host DNA when cell divides
3) at some stage provirus may become active and make new viruses like stage 3and 4 of lytic

34
Q

What is STI and 2 examples

A

Sexually transmitted infections

Chlamydia and HIV

35
Q

How does chlamydia spread

A

With contact of sexual fluid of infected person as it’s bacterial
Eg mother to child in birth

36
Q

How does HIV spread

A

Unprotected sex
Sharing needles
Infected mother to foetus

37
Q

How to reduce/prevent spread of STI’s

A

Condoms during sex
Screen blood transfusions
Supply drug users with sterile needles
Treat infected with antibiotics (for bacterial infections)

38
Q

2 types of human defences

A

Physical barriers

Chemical defences

39
Q

What are physical barriers

A

Make it hard for pathogens to enter body

40
Q

What are chemical defences

A

Kill or make pathogens inactive

41
Q

Examples of physical barriers

A
  • Unbroken skin too thick for pathogens to get through

- sticky mucus traps pathogens/cilia move mucus back up throat/swallow to allow acid to destroy it

42
Q

Why is smoking bad (cilia)

A

Paralyses cilia so pathogens get in body more easily

43
Q

Examples of chemical defences

A
  • lysozyme found in tears, saliva and mucus kills bacteria

- hydrochloride acid on stomach kills pathogens

44
Q

Immune system

A

Protects bodies by attacking pathogens

45
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Part of the immune system

46
Q

How immune system fights pathogens

A

1) each has unique antigen on surface
2) a lymphocyte creates an antibody to fit the antigen of pathogen
3) lymphocyte divides many times
4) antibodies stick to pathogen and destroy it
5) some are left in blood as memory lymphocytes

47
Q

Anitbody definition

A

Produced by lymphocytes from white blood cells, they are specific to one kind of pathogen that they can therefore destroy

48
Q

What is secondary response

A

When memory lymphocytes are able to respond quickly to pathogen

49
Q

Immunisation definition

A

Person is given vaccine to prevent them becoming ill from disease

50
Q

How vaccines work

A

1) contains small amount of antigen from pathogen (often dead or weakened)
2) persons white blood cells produce lymphocytes that produce antibodies and memory lymphocytes against pathogen
3) when infected memory lymphocytes fight disease

51
Q

Advantages of immunisation

A
  • doesn’t make you ill
  • last long time/life
  • if most people are immune herd immunity occurs
52
Q

Disadvantages of immunisation

A
  • Some people get mild form of disease

- rarely a person has major harmful reaction

53
Q

What is herd immunity

A

If most people in a population are immune, people without the vaccine are less likely to catch disease

54
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Medicines that kill BACTERIA in the body

Needs to be specific to bacteria

55
Q

Example of antibiotics

A

Penicillin

56
Q

What is it called when an antibiotic is no longer effective at killing bacteria

A

Resistance

57
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria

A

1) inhibit cell processes in bacteria but not host cell
2) eg cell wall doesn’t form properly
3) animal cells don’t have cell walls so not affected

58
Q

What apparatus is used for bacterial culture

A

Petri dish

59
Q

What happens in bacterial culture

A

Clear area is where bacteria has been killed and antibiotic has worked

60
Q

What temp should bacterial culture be done at

A

No more then 25C because if it’s warmer it could be harmful to humans (37C)

61
Q

What does an aseptic technique do

A

Help prevent contammination from air + surfaces when working with microorganisms

62
Q

Examples of aseptic techniques

A
  • sterilise dishes and culture media (heat Petri dish and agar jelly to kill unwanted bacteria)
  • sterilise inoculating loops (hot flame)
  • seal Petri dishes (adhesive tape seal stops microorganisms in air getting in)
63
Q

Medicines definition

A

Chemicals used to treat the cause of an illness

64
Q

4 stages of developing and testing medicines

A

1) Discovery - screening organisms to see if they produce antibodies to kill bacteria
2) Preclinical testing - test on cultures to make sure it gets into cells to kill pathogens but not damage cell
3) Clinical trials (1) - healthy volunteer given small dose of drug to check it’s not toxic
4) Clinical trials (2) - patients with disease receive drug (given different doses to test if it works and find optimum close)

65
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Carry useful chemical markers or treatments

Set of these are identical as they produce in large quantities from the same hybridoma cells

66
Q

Use of monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy test
Diagnosis of disease
Treatment of disease

67
Q

Factors that contribute to non-communicable diseases

A 
Genes
Age
Sex
Environment
Lifestyle
68
Q

Examples of non-communicable diseases

A

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Lung/liver disease
Dietary diseases

69
Q

Why is alcohol bad

A

Contains ethanol which is poisonous to cells

Liver damaged most as it gets there first after being absorbed by gut

70
Q

Why smoking is a health risk

A

Carbon monoxide - reduces oxygen blood can carry
Chemicals in tar cause cancers
Can cause blood vessels to narrow (increase blood pressure)
Lead to cardiovascular disease

71
Q

What is malnutrition

A

When a person eats too much or too little of a nutrient

72
Q

How are deficiency diseases caused

A

By consuming too little of a nutrient

73
Q

What is obesity

A

Too much body fat

74
Q

2 types of obesity measurements

A

Waist:Hip ratio

BMI

75
Q

How to work out waist hip ratio

A

Waist measurement/hip measurement

76
Q

What does waist hip mean

A

Higher the ratio, more at risk of diseases

77
Q

How to work out BMI

A

Weight in Kg/(height in m)^2

78
Q

What does BMI mean

A

Over 30 is obese

79
Q

3 ways to treat cardiovascular disease

A
  • Medication (beta blockers reduce blood pressure
  • Surgery (stent placed to narrow arteries)
  • Lifestyle changes (change diet/exercise)
80
Q

Physical barriers of plant

A

Bark
Thick waxy cuticle
Spikes/thorns
Cellulose cell walls difficult to break down

81
Q

Plant chemical defences

A
  • poisons in cells to kill or deter pests

- chemicals kill pathogens

82
Q

Plant chemical used for medicine and why it is used

A

Aspirin (willow and other trees)

To relieve symptoms eg from fever

Biology GCSE (8 decks)

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