Augustus

Question 1

Early life

Answer 1

nephew of caesar - becomes head of the family after his death
obtains backing of caesars generals- helps him greatly after brutus is dead when he turns on mark antony
proscriptions - 300 senators and 2000 equitaes killed
settlement of soldiers
recognition of caesars divinity
adds imperator to name

Question 2

mark antony

Answer 2

marries octavians sister- octavia
spits up of empire- antony gets east
bad reputation - relationship with cleopatra

Question 3

end of antony

Answer 3

octavian reads his will (illegally)- he is to buried in alexandria with cleopatra
excuse to start war
culminated in battle of actium -31BC- west coast of greece
antony flees when things start to go badly
30BC- antony and cleopatra commit suicide
their kids get accepted into the domus augusti

Question 4

urban administration of rome

Answer 4

by 28BC- claimed to have restored 82 temples
importance of egypt- they controlled grian supply to city
improved aqueducts
return to republican values - seen in orations

Question 5

building works

Answer 5

house of augustus - residence on palatine hill
temple of apollo - connected to his house- held court there
forum of augustus - powerbase with temple of jupiter ultor
2 new theatres (Marcelli and Balbus)- not under his name though
campus martius- included mausoleum
a lot done by agrippa

Question 6

perceptions of power

Answer 6

attempt to run that state in a traditonal way - strong rome yet internally peaceful (people buy this)
viewed equally as brave warrior and religious figure
pontifex maximus - waited unti lepidus dies in 12BC
buys buildings to knock down at fair price

Question 7

augustan imperialism

Answer 7

ends civil war 
makes 'freinds' with kings
wars in the west 
armies in germany 
standards back form pergamon

Question 8

herod the great

Answer 8

main source - josefus
seen as 'great survivor' - always on right side of whatever conflict
temple of david in jerusalem 
cities built- hebron, jerusalem
villas- herodium, kypros

Question 9

western wars

Answer 9

alpine war, pannonion war
lots of archaeology and architecture
planned like little cities

Question 10

germany

Answer 10

expeditions along the rhine beyond empire
waldgrimes - planned town (not military)- shows romans to consider germany part of empire
varus- governor
herman -allie of varus then leads attack agaisnt him
3 legions killed

Question 11

octavian as sole ruler

Answer 11

31-23- consul every year 
27- becomes augustus 
    - first constitutional settlement
23- second constitutional settlement 
avoids extraordinary office yet accumulates offices in unprecedented way 
19- lifetime grand consul etc

Question 12

family

Answer 12

domus- almost as important as augustus
after 19BC- all triumphs for emperor or domus
julia- scandal of having an affair- one of augustus’ reforms
succession - marcellus and agrippa both die - they were preferred to tiberius, who got it

Question 13

restoration of social ideology

Answer 13

overhaul of constitution through rhetoric
attempt to not have same mistakes as caesar- puts legacy at arms length
agricultural and social fertility - everyone dead because of proscriptions so need more people
reinvention of octavian as augustus

Question 14

the senate

Answer 14

re-negotiation of senatorial class - still important, not much practical power
reduction in size, raising of census threshold
new role for senate as chamber and law court - old power largely given to princeps
aesthetic power - costume, seating at games etc

Question 15

moral legislation

Answer 15

bribery to acheive office
marriage limited to class
adultery - father permitted to kill- husbands forced o divorce
women have 2 years to marry after death of husband, 18 months after divorce

Question 16

equitaes

Answer 16

creation of second tier order
judicial and roles as governors
by end of 2nd C. Ad- filled important roles in imperial househols staff, displacing freedmen

Question 17

beyond the city

Answer 17

oaths of loyalty to augustus and domus
new roles fro plebs and freedmen (less politically threatening)
new municipalities - morelike a city-state
cults of augustus

Question 18

augustus as religious figure

Answer 18

accumulation of religious offices
object of religious activity (oaths)
changing of month of sextilius to augustus
justified office through religious social and moral decline
restoration of ancestoral practices
flamen dialis- vacant for 70 years, brought back

Question 19

religious revivals

Answer 19

burning of texts other than sibylline books
increasing number of priests and vestels
revival of lupercalia
protection of jewish freedom to worship
laws protecting graves and sanctuaries
religious golden age?

Question 20

mixing religion with augustus

Answer 20

calendar- lots of festivals for him and family
temple of apollo part of home
imperial cult
deification

Question 21

imperial cult

Answer 21

difference in worship when alive and when dead
greeks traditionally worship people when still alive eg alexander - so do this but weird for romans
oaths to augustus - empire-wide demonstration of allegiance
temple of rome and augustus at ancyra - res gestae

Question 22

deification

Answer 22

declared immortal by senate
got own priests etc
temple erected in rome

Question 23

primary sources

Answer 23

res gestae- justifying his actions/creating a legacy
-conscious effort to not be like caesar
-seems to be reacting to events rather than drving them
suetonius - 2nd C. AD hindsight
- much more negative view of augustus
- shows why augustus had to work to hard to reinvent himself
- no need to prevent sanitised view anymore

Question 24

secondary source

Answer 24

J. A. Crook- augustus did not plan to initiate an empire, merely took advantage of the situations presented to him