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PE - Paper 1 > Symond - Sport & Society > Flashcards

Symond - Sport & Society Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the characteristics of popular recreation

A
  1. Limited transport so was played locally
  2. Uneducated/illiterate people meant rules were simple
  3. Violent which represented society at this time
  4. Occasionally played due to long working hours
  5. Class divisions due to the two-tier society
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2
Q

Things to compare between mob football and real tennis…

A 
Rules? 
Nature of the game? Violent? Respectable?
Played where?
When played?
Who played it?
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3
Q

Impact of socio-cultural factor: Urbanisation

A

> Caused more purpose -built facilities to be developed due to higher demand to watch new sports (e.g. rugby and football).
Loss of traditional sports as newer sports became more popular.
Caused working hours to be reduced so workers had more free time to watch/play sport

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4
Q

Impact of socio-cultural factor: Public Provisions

A

> Facilities for the masses to participate in sport (e.g. public baths) which improved hygiene of working class. >Swimming emerged as a sport

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5
Q

Impact of socio-cultural factor: Communications

A

> Improved transport (e.g. trains) meant teams could travel further to play against one another
Spectators could travel to watch due to cheap train fairs and easy access to the countryside
Increased media coverage and fixtures published in newspapers (as people became more literate) so spectators could follow their teams. Created role models to emerge

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6
Q

Impact of socio-cultural factor: the Middle Class

A

> As factory workers: increased leisure time
Codification: strict rules introduced
Clubs/national leagues were set up
Development of facilities via churches
Invented new sports via universities
Promoted professionalism in sport and high morals

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7
Q

Impact of socio-cultural factor: Church

A

> Introduced church groups (e.g. YMCA)…
WHY? to hopefully increase attendance at church
Developed purpose-built facilities…
WHY? to promote ‘moral’ and keep social control
Organised competitions and teams…
WHY? to promote Christian values

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8
Q

Why did National Governing Bodies emerge (NGB’s)?

TCCCP

A 
T = Teams were being formed which NGB's wanted to support
C = Codification provided rules which NGB's and to promote and enforce across the country
C = Competition increased due to more national fixtures which needed organising by NGB's
C = Class Divisions were kept secure by upper/middle classes using NGB's
P = Popularity was increasing of sport causing structure and control to become essential to ensure success
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9
Q

Characteristics of Lawn Tennis?

A
  • Played by middle class and had NGB’s
  • Had ‘set rules’ which were highly structured
  • Played on courts with officials judging
  • Highly skilled and involved strategies and tactics
  • Played for extrinsic rewards
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10
Q

Restrictions for women in sport post-industrial Britain?

A
  • ‘Too aggressive’
  • Traditional role of a woman was to ‘stay at home’
  • believed sport and a negative impact on fertility
  • Women were restricted by clothing they had to wear
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11
Q

What was amateurism?

A

Playing sport for ‘the love of it’

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12
Q

Give some examples of the features of amateurism

A

Appreciating value of health and fitness
Respect for referee’s
‘all-rounder’ - played more than one sport
Upper class dominated
Lots of free time so played regularly
Could afford to play ‘for the love of it’ - wealthy

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13
Q

What was Professionalism?

A

Emphasis on playing sport to win and gain payments

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14
Q

Give some examples of the features of professionalism

A

Working classes
Hold down a job while playing
Limited time to participate due to long working hours
Specialised to a single sport
Develop skills/fitness
‘financial compensation’
Low levels of morality/aggressive/gamesmanship which increased entertainment for spectators and fans

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15
Q

What factors led athletics being pressured into allowing professionals to compete as the 20th progressed?

A
  • Shamteurism - receiving money illegally anyway
  • Athletics had become a mass spectator sport and purpose-built facilities were built due to high demand
  • Trust funds enabled lower classes to compete
  • Wagering was taking place in athletics already
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16
Q

Relationship between sport, sponsorship and the media

A

Golden Triangle

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17
Q

The provision of funds ,money or support towards an athlete by a company for a commercial return

A

Sponsorship

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18
Q

Characteristics of ‘commercial sport’

A
  • Wide media coverage and interest in high profile sports which are usually visually appealing
  • Sponsorship and businesses opportunities
  • Athletes as well-known role models
  • Contracts and mass-entertainment
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19
Q

Benefits/impacts of ‘commercial sport’ to performers

Likely to come up

A

+Receive high incomes for sport participation as they are paid for successful results.
+ High quality training and specialist equipment is usually provided

  • Athletes can be put under pressure if injured and must specialise in one sport only.
  • They are also controlled by sponsors and the ‘win at all costs’ pressure form sponsors can cause gamesmanship.
  • Lack of privacy, become entertainers
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20
Q

Benefits for companies to invest money into sport?

A
  1. Tax relief so amount of tax paid decreases
  2. Increased advertising causes increased sales/profit
  3. Value added to brand as there is increased brand awareness if sponsoring high level athletes
  4. Creates an association with ‘healthy living’
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21
Q

Factors responsible for the advancement of opportunities for women in sport

A
  1. Recognition in society for greater equality
  2. Increase in leisure time
  3. Influence in the school PE programme
  4. More socially acceptable
  5. Increased media coverage/positive role models
22
Q

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shred common interest

A

Society

23
Q

Occurs during early years of childhood - immediate family

A

Primary Socialisation

24
Q

Occurs during later years - teachers, peers, the media

A

Secondary Socialisation

25
Q

A lifelong process where a person learns the norms and values in order to take their place in society

A

Socialisation

26
Q

A form of social interaction raking place between individuals and groups

A

Social processes

27
Q

Treating people fairly and giving everyone the same chance

A

Equal opportunities

28
Q

The unfair treatment of a person or minority group

A

Discrimination

29
Q

To form an unfavourable opinion on an individual, often based on inadequate facts

A

Prejudice

30
Q

Making simple generalisations about all members of one particular group

A

Stereotyping

31
Q

A process whereby individuals may be pushed away from/into certain sports based on assumptions made about them

A

Channelling

32
Q

Give examples of ‘Target groups’

A

Women, disabled people, ethnic minorities

33
Q

An alteration in the social order f society

A

Social change

34
Q

A concept which refers to the way in which peoples thoughts and feelings are regulated in social systems

A

Social control

35
Q

When society is divided into groups/levels based on social characteristics such as power or wealth

A

Social stratification

36
Q

What is Social action theory?

A

The view that sport is essential in society as it can impact society culturally.
HOW?
- By highlighting inequalities
- By impacting on our beliefs about race/sex
-By targeting social problems (unemployment)
- By impacting our ideas about disability and ability

37
Q

Barriers for people with disabilities

A
  • Lack of specialist coaches
  • Lack of access to facilities
  • Lack of specialist equipment
  • Funding is low and costs are high to take part
  • Impact of stereotypes
  • Lack of role models or media coverage
  • Lack of organised programmes
38
Q

Barriers for minority groups

A
  • Racial stereotypes
  • Conflict with religion/cultural beliefs
  • Non-supportive families
  • Fewer role models
  • Fear of rejection
  • Low socio-economic status
39
Q

Barriers for women

A
  • Negative stereotypes/myths
  • Less media coverage and fewer role models
  • Fewer sponsorship opportunities
  • Lack of income/limited leisure time
  • Channelling of women
  • Negative impact from school PE programmes
  • Lack of fitness/low self-confidence
40
Q

Identify five characteristics of sport

A 
Sponsorship
Strict rules
Tactics
Strategies
Rewards
Commitment
Competition
41
Q

Physical health benefits of exercise?

A

> Increases cardio-vascular fitness to reduce the risk of a heart attack
Increases joint flexibility to reduce the risk of arthritis
Increases bone density to reduce risk of osteoporosis

42
Q

Social health benefits of exercise?

A

> Improve communication skills
Make friends
Increase confidence

43
Q

Benefits to society of exercise?

A

> Increases social control/ lower crime rates
Less strain on the NHS as people are healthier
Improvement in social cohesion

44
Q

Describe how participation in sport/physical activity can be increased among individuals from lower-socio-economic groups in society

A
  • Make activities more affordable/cheaper
  • Introduce community groups
  • Host activity days locally to reduce cost of transport
  • Encourage participation at school level
45
Q

How can schools improve participation rates of girls?

A
  • Provide extra-curricular activities that are ‘girls only’
  • In PE lessons try new sports (e.g. rugby, football)
  • Advertise local clubs in the area that girls can join
  • Making clothing more comfortable
  • Greater variety of girl sport teams
46
Q

What is a Whole Sport Plan produced by NGB’s?

A

A business plan submitted by Sport England outlining each NGB’s strategy to grow participation and enhance talent

47
Q

What are the characteristics of a Whole Sport Plan?

A

AIM TO:

  • Increase participation
  • Increase number of clubs
  • Increase trained coaches
  • Develop schemes to more people involved in sport
48
Q

What are CSPs and what are their main aims?

A

CSP = County Sport Partnership (local partners) which aim to increase the number of adults in sport and provide local schemes

49
Q

Give an example of a local scheme that County Sport Partnerships deliver?

A

Sportivate
County School Games
London 2012 legacy

50
Q

Give three example of National partners of Sport England ?

A
  • English Federation of Disability Sport (EFDS)
  • Sporting Equals
  • Women In Sport

PE - Paper 1 (8 decks)

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