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Biology > Last Bio Testtttt > Flashcards

Last Bio Testtttt Flashcards

1
Q

What is evolution?

A
  1. Changes in traits over time -> micro evolution
  2. changes in characteristics in populations over time
    = development of new type of organism over time
    -> macro evolution
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2
Q

Which evolution theory is challenged?

A
  1. changes in traits are widely accepted
  2. changes in characteristics
    => development of new types organisms over time
    => development of new species:
  3. contradicts the bible (if read literally)
  4. mankind did not emerge from apes!
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3
Q

religion

A

• truth already found
• dogma (truth is not allowed to be questioned)
• pattern is defined
new discoveries -> discoveries adapted to pattern

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4
Q

science

A

• still looking for it
observation!
-> looking for patterns

new discoveries -> pattern adopt to discoveries

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5
Q

religion 2

A

being with intentions
meaning of life

we have a soul!

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6
Q

science 2

A

mechanism
no purpose
cognito, ergo sun (ich denke)
is not explained

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7
Q

Adaption

A

(process!)

changes in traits in population over time

(in order to fit better into a specific environment)

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8
Q

variation

A

appearance of different traits in population

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9
Q

selection

A

adapted individuals survive while the poorly adapted die

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10
Q

fitness

A

hereditary contribution to the next generation

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11
Q

mutation

A

spontaneous change of the hereditary substance

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12
Q

Lamarck’s idea

A

Individuals acquire traits over their lifetime:

-> change in one generation. Change acquired actively

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13
Q

Darwin’s idea

A

Selection happens over generations. Change happens passively.

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14
Q

Characteristics

A

phenotype of a gene (eg. eye colour)

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15
Q

Trait

A

variation of characteristic (blue eyes)

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16
Q

evolution (macro)

A

The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time.

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17
Q

theory in science

A

a well supported explanation incorporating observations.

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18
Q

bird characteristics

A

opposing toe
s-shaped neck
feathers
beak

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19
Q

reptile characteristics

A

claws
tibia & fibula
tail bone

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20
Q

Phylogeny

A

describes the relationships by ancestry among groups of organisms

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21
Q

location of the ‘Cradle of Mankind’

A

Dolomit South africa near Johannisburg

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22
Q

Dolomite

A

known to preserve fossils

bc it’s full of lime (calc) which is washed out over the years

caves/ holes are formed

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23
Q

How is the fossil-preserving material formed?

A

Calc-sinster is formed when minerals are precipitated out of the water

24
Q

Taung Baby

A

2 mio years old

Australopithecus Africanus

25
Q

Dating methods

Stratigraphy

A

Every layer of rock (stratum) correlates to a specific era in history. When a fossil is found, the stratum it is buried in indicates the era of the fossil.

26
Q

Dating methods

Uniformitariansm (= actualism)

A

Geological process that can be observed nowdays had the same effect in times past

ex: every year 1mm of sediment is deposed
- > 1m sediment = 1’000 years

27
Q

catastrophism

A

cuvier postulated that fossils originated from (biblical disasters) -> the flood

28
Q

Faunistic age determination

A

the hominid fossils are compared to animal fossils from the same finding site / strata -> cross check with other dating methods

29
Q

palaeomagnetism

A

the magnetic rocks provide a record of past changes of Earth’s magnetic field, giving a time-scale for the fossils. One switch of the magnetic field indicates ~ 250’000 years

30
Q

biochemical dating methods

A

The comparative analysis of DNA and other biochemical molecules (oldest RNA founds 425’000 years old!)

31
Q

The find of the century

A

Malapa

32
Q

How did scientists know where to look for fossils?

A

(google earth)

Olive stinkwood grows on humid locations where pits are calc-sinter deposits are likely to be found.

33
Q

Australopithecus Sediba

A

the famous link between the genus australopithecus and the genus homo and was found in 2009/2010 in Malapa, South-Africa

34
Q

Australopithecus Sediba’s characteristics

A

it features both characteristics from the A. Africans and H. Erectus

35
Q

Why is it of special value?

A

Not only did they find several bones, but two skeletons were almost complete

Discover until now: 220 fragments, 6 skeletons in total

36
Q

the importance of the skull

A

Size age ans shape fits precisely between A. Africans and H. Erectus

37
Q

A. Africanus

A

cranial capacity: 400 cm3

age: 2.2 M.a.
jaws: apelike

38
Q

A. Sediba

A

cranial capacity: 430 cm3

age: 1,9 M.a.
jaws: between ape & human

39
Q

H. Erectus

A

cranial capacity: 631 cm3

age: 1.6 mio
jaws: man-shaped

40
Q

Piltdown human

A

was found in the south east of England in 1912

nitrogen dating method lead to a dramatic discovery

Lower jaw: was of modern area

Cranium: originated from the late Pleistocene period

41
Q

convergent evolution

A

the process by which different species evolve similar traits

same environment
same adaption

analogous:

different structures
same functions

42
Q

Divergent evolution

A

is a process in which the descendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit different parts of the environment

(specific structure)
(between 2 species)

different environment
different adaption

homologous:

similar structures
different functions

43
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

like when a new population in a new environment, such as an island, will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment

(the whole process)

44
Q

A. Sediba as a transitional species has characteristics of:

A

A

species A

Cusp spacing -> between teeth

-

flexor, wrist

pelvis: four legged

45
Q

A. Sediba as a transitional species has characteristics of:

B

A

mandibles, tooth size

clavicle man-shaped

long thumb, short fingers

pelvis: upright

46
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms

47
Q

homologous

A

from the Greek homo, meaning “equivalent to” and logos, meaning “relation” or “reason”

48
Q

The phylogenic tree is created using the

A

the principles of homology

49
Q

Mankind reached America

A

second and Switzerland first.

50
Q

When mankind spread over the globe, this is called

A

adaptive radiation

51
Q

How science works

A

it is based on observations

mechanisms are explained

52
Q
  1. How was the peppered moth studies performed (experiment)?
A
  1. different traits (difference in the phenotype)
    but both forms belong to the same species!

gene that is responsible for the color of the peppered moth is the protein melanin and exists in two variations

high melanin production -> black color
only few melanin -> white months with some black specks

How the experiment took place: Moths of both forms have been bred, marked and then released. After some time, the moths were lured with bright lights during the night and recaptured. The number of recaptured animals has been counted.

53
Q
  1. What was the result?
A

Black Moths appear in cities

whereas withes in nature

due to the industrial revolution

54
Q
  1. Why is it no proof of evolution?
A

Because a proof of evolution needs many experiments and observations one is not enough. Plus it only explains the micro evolution ( changes in traits in populations over time)

55
Q
  1. How is a variation important for the process of natural selection?
A

Because the ones that adopt better to their environment are the ones to survive.

56
Q

Why is it possible to find fossils in regions with dolomite? Explain two reasons (What preserves them for so long?)

A
  1. It is rich in calc which over the years is washed out and caves and holes are formed. That can trap remains of animals.
  2. calc-sinter is formed then minerals are precipitated out of the water and preserves the fossils.

Biology (6 decks)

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