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Microbiology E-Books > Pathogenic Protozoa I > Flashcards

Pathogenic Protozoa I Flashcards

1
Q

Includes Giardia and Trichomonas and their distant relatives Trypanosoma and Leishmania

A

Flagellates

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2
Q

Amoeboid at one stage of its life cycle and flagellated at another, may be more closely related to flagellates than to other amoeboid organisms

A

Naegleria

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3
Q

Includes Entamoeba (the cause of ‘amoebic dysentery’), Acanthamoeba, and Hartmanella

A

Amoebozoa

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4
Q

What are the three types of alveolates?

-named for their cortical alveoli and flattened membrane-bound sacs

A

Apicomplexa, Cilliates, and Dinoflagellates

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5
Q

Apicomplexa includes one of the most significant pathogens worldwide, the cause of malaria, which is called

A

Plasmodium

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6
Q

Human apicomplexa pathogens are members of the class Sporozoa and most of the subclass Coccidia, so are sometimes called

A

Sporozoans or coccidia

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7
Q

Includes the intestinal pathogen Balantidium and the familiar non-pathogen Paramecium

A

Ciliates

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8
Q

Flagellated photosynthetic >algae=; cause >red tides= that kill marine organisms

A

Dinoflagellates

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9
Q

Not known to cause human infections but secrete toxins which cause human illness either from direct exposure or from consumption of fish or shellfish which have fed on them

A

Dinoflagellates

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10
Q

Tiny intracellular parasites which lack mitochondria

A

Microsporidia

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11
Q

What are three other major groups of eukaryotes?

A
  1. ) Green algae, red algae, and plants
  2. ) Rhizaria or cercozoa
  3. ) Heterokonts
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12
Q

Amoeboid organisms, many with elaborate shells

A

Rhizaria or cercozoa

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13
Q

Made up of brown algae, diatoms, and their relatives, who, like Dinoflagellates, became photosynthetic via symbiosis not with bacteria but with eukaryotic algae

A

Heterokonts

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14
Q

Organism used by another as a source of nutrition and protection

A

Host

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15
Q

Organism that uses another as a source of nutrition and protection, with harm to the host

A

Parasite

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16
Q

Organism that uses another as a source of nutrition and protection, without harm to the host

A

Commensal

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17
Q

Organism in which a parasite replicates in nature, from which it is transmitted to humans

A

Reservoir

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18
Q

Organism which transmits a parasite to humans; it may or may not be a host

A

Vector

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19
Q

Host in which parasite undergoes sexual cycle (meiosis + fertilization)

A

Definitive host

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20
Q

Host in which parasite multiplies asexually

A

Intermediate host

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21
Q

Growing/multiplying form of a parasitic protozoan

A

Trophozoite

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22
Q

Non-growing form, specialized for resistance to unfavorable environments and dispersal

A

Cyst

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23
Q

Cells of a single species may take on different morphology at different stages of the life cycle. Some protozoa reproduce in an obligate cycle between two

A

Host species

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24
Q

In this situation, forms produced by growth in the first host are

A

Infectious for the second

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25
Q

Microscopic examination is often the key to diagnosis of

A

Protozoa infection

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26
Q

To check stool for protozoa, we perform an

A

O and P workup (Ova and parasites)

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27
Q

Unfixed “wet mounts” (unstained and stained with iodine) of fresh material to visualize live organisms

A

O and P workup

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28
Q

Called the “backpackers” diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

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29
Q

Infections acquired by consuming contaminated water

A

Giardia

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30
Q

Giardia multiplies in the lumen of the intestine; cells and cysts are shed in

A

Feces

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31
Q

Cells have two nuclei (giving them the appearance of a ‘face’ under the microscope) and a large ventral ‘sucker disk’ with which they adhere to the intestinal mucosa

A

Giardia

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32
Q

Acute or (in AIDS) chronic diarrhea. Organisms adhere to brush border

A

Giardia infection

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33
Q

The diarrhea seen in a giardia infection is from

A

Maladsorption

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34
Q

Sexually transmitted infection that multiplies on GU mucosal membranes

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

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35
Q

Cells have a tuft of flagella at one end and an ‘undulating membrane’ which extends part-way down the cell

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

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36
Q

In women, trichomonas vaginalis infection is typically limited to the

A

External genitalia, vagina, and cervix

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37
Q

Symptoms are itching or burning and a pale yellow, watery discharge; many infections asymptomatic

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis infection

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38
Q

Transmitted by insect vectors; multiply in both vector and host

A

Hemoflagellates

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39
Q

Produces bloodstream infections and multiply outside cells

A

Trypanosoma

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40
Q

Produce tissue infections and multiply intracellularly

A

Leishmania

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41
Q

Hemoflagellate cells are elongate, with a single flagellum which originates in a unique organelle called the

A

Kinetoplast

42
Q

Visible as a dark short rod in stained cells

A

The kinetoplast

43
Q

What are the four stages that a hemoflagellate goes through

-Defined by the relative positions of the kinetoplast and nucleus, and the presence or absence of and flagellum and undulating membrane

A

Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, and Trypomastigote

Pneumonic “You don’t want a hemoflagellate as A PET

44
Q

Characterized by the central localization of the nucleus and kinetoplast

-No flagellum

A

Amastigote

45
Q

Has the kinetoplast at the anterior end of the cell

  • Flagellum is present
  • No undulating membrane
A

Promastigote

46
Q

The kinetoplast migrates centrally

-Has flagellum with short unulating membrane

A

Epimastigote

47
Q

Has the kinetoplast at the posterior end of the cell

-Undulating membrane extends the full length of the cell

A

Trypomastigote

48
Q

What are the three types of Trypnosoma brucei

A

T. b. brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, and T. b. gambesiense

49
Q

Causes the infection Ngana, a disease of wild or domestic ungulates

A

T. b. brucei

50
Q

Rapidly-progressive human infections

A

T. b. rhodesiense

51
Q

Slowly progressive human infections

A

T. b. Gambesiense

52
Q

Multiply in the gut and salivary glands of the tsetse fly glossinia

A

Epimastigotes

53
Q

Multiply in the bloodstream of mammals

A

Trypomastigotes

54
Q

A localized inflammatory lesion; trypanosomes multiply at the site of the

A

Tsetse fly bite

55
Q

The acute or bloodstream phase of disease can be long-lasting and is characterized by the signs and symptoms of chronic inflammation: fever, headache, muscle/joint pains, rash, anemia, leukocytosis, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, elevated ESR

A

Trypanosoma brucei

56
Q

Enlarged posterior cervical lymph nodes are called

A

Winterbottom’s sign

57
Q

Chronic or late stage african trypanosomes disease with invasion of the CNS. It progresses through lassitude, motor and reflex abnormalities, stupor, coma, and

A

Death

58
Q

African trypanosomes evade the immune system by

A

Phase variation

59
Q

The outer surface of bloodstream forms is covered with a single protein, the

A

Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG)

60
Q

The genome contains 1-2 expressed copies of the VSG gene and several thousand silent copies which encode

A

Antigenically distinct forms

61
Q

The form transmitted to humans by insect vectors occurs in a single

A

Antigenic state

62
Q

As the immune system reacts to this antigen and begins to destroy trypanosomes, a rare recombination event between a silent copy and an expressed copy results in production of an entirely new antigenic form of the

A

VSG

63
Q

In an experimental animal trypanosomes have been followed through many waves of parasitemia, each characterized by a distinct

A

Surface antigen

64
Q

IgM levels in an infected person may be

A

20x normal

65
Q

American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzii

66
Q

Forms at the site of infection, with regional lymphadenitis as the organisms spread

A

Primary lesion from T. cruzii

67
Q

The primary lesion may be transferred to the conjunctiva if the eye is rubbed with a contaminated finger, resulting in unilateral swelling of the eyelids. This is called

A

Romana’s sign

68
Q

Multiply in the gut of the nocturnal, blood-sucking bug triatoma

A

Promastigotes

69
Q

Multiply intracellularly, initially in muscle

A

Amastigotes

70
Q

Characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, enlargement of liver and spleen

A

Acute T. cruzii

71
Q

Characterized by invasion of the heart, leading to cardiac dysfunction, and /or the CNS, especially autonomic ganglia of abdominal viscera, leading to smooth muscle dysfunction and esophageal or intestinal enlargement

A

Late T. cruzii disease

72
Q

T. cruzii infection is diagnosed by

A

Seroconversion or muscle biopsy

73
Q

Leishmania causes visceral and muco-cutaneous infectrions. It is transferred via the

A

Sandfly

74
Q

Produce visceral Leishmaiansis or Kala-Azar as a result of multiplication in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other tissues

A

L. donovani and L chagasii

75
Q

Amastigotes from these species in tissue are termed

A

Leishman-Donovan (LD) bodies

76
Q

Widespread dermotropic Leishmanias cause ulcerative dermal lesions at the site of

A

Infection

77
Q

A classic site for these ulcerative dermal lesions in the

A

Back of the neck (chiclero ulcer)

78
Q

Lesions are often localized but may spread, or there may be granulomatous

A

Satellite lesions

79
Q

Spreads from a cutaneous site of infection to the mucous membranes of the oral or nasal cavity and may remain latent there for years or decades, eventually to produce a spreading destructive lesion

A

L. braziliensis

80
Q

These lesions from L. braziliensis are called

A

Espundia

81
Q

Amoebas and Amoeboflagellates cause

A

Amoebic dysentery

82
Q

The life cycle and epidemiology of Amoebas and Amoeboflagellates starts with the ingestion of

-From contaminated water or food

A

Cysts

83
Q

In the colon cysts develop into

-Multiply and produce more cysts which are excreted in feces

A

Amoeboid trophozoites

84
Q

Trophozoites of E. histolyica are larger than those of other species and contain ingested

A

RBC’s rather than bacteria

85
Q

Differentiation of cysts relies on size and shape, number of nuclei, and presence or absence of a large

A

Glycogen inclusion

86
Q

Cysts of E. histolytica are round, medium sized, don’t have much glycogen, and have

A

4 nuclei

87
Q

Amoebas invade the intestinal epithelium wall at the base of a crypt, producing a small

A

Ulcer

88
Q

They penetrate the muscularis mucosa and spread laterally to produce a flask-shaped

A

Necrotic lesion

89
Q

Ulcers contain trophozoites; amoeboid cysts are formed only in the

A

Intestinal lumen

90
Q

Caused by free-living amoebas of several genera: Naegleria, Hartmanella, Acanthamoeba. Infection usually results from swimming in natural waters

A

Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

91
Q

In amoebic meningoencephalitis, amoebas enter the nose and sinuses and pass into the brain through the

A

Cribiform plate

92
Q

Have been successfully used to treat Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

A

Amphotericin and azoles

93
Q

Causes severe keratitis; some cases resulted from use of contact lens solution made with contaminated water

A

Acanthamoeba

94
Q

Some dinoflagellates (photosynthetic protozoa) produce potent

A

Toxins

95
Q

These can cause human and/or animal disease, contracted by contact with or consumption of organisms such as shellfish which have fed on these

A

Dinoflagellates

96
Q

Has caused massive kills of fish

-Before its toxigenic properties were recognized it caused serious neurological poisoning among laboratory workers

A

Pfeisteria piscidida

97
Q

Causes intestinal disease similar to that produced by E. histolytica

A

Balantidium coli

98
Q

Trophozoites of B. coli are very large, with an indented feeding apparatus at one end and a large kidney-shaped

A

Macronucleus

99
Q

Motion in wet mounts is smooth translation with rotation around the long axis of the cells.

-Cysts are large and round

A

B. coli

100
Q

Named for the apical complex used to infect host cells

A

Apicomplexa

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