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Early Modern Political Thought > Hobbes; Human Nature > Flashcards

Hobbes; Human Nature Flashcards

1
Q

Hobbes psychology; Hobbes believes that reason is = a reckoning of the consequences of …

A

general names agreed upon.”

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2
Q

There is not some kind of arch faculty called reason that we can appeal to, what are people really appealing to?

A

Their own definition of reason.

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3
Q

All passions derive from two basic impulses in human phycology; what are they?

A

desires and aversions.

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4
Q

Is there any moment when we aren’t desiring or having an aversion to something?

A

No.

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5
Q

How can we think of desire and aversion in terms of motion? (think of magnets)

A

Desire draws us towards something; aversion repels us from that thing.

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6
Q

What is death according to Hobbes?

A

Involuntary sensation of desire, you are desiring, suddenly stop desiring because you’re dead.

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7
Q

Do we sound active in Hobbes description of pycology?

A

No very passive, in no control just battered around by our own desires.

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8
Q

What does Hobbes think about deliberation?

What is deliberation a battle between?

A

it is not us rationally deciding what desire to follow; it is a battle between desires and aversions and which desire or aversion wins decides action.

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9
Q

What is the will according to Hobbes?

A

final aversion prior to action.

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10
Q

Why are we very similar to animals ?

A

Both animals and humans are driven completely by desires.

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11
Q

Most humans are known for having free…

A

will.

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12
Q

What is Hobbes definition of power?

A

Power is the “present means to obtain some future apparent good”

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13
Q

What will you need to satisfy your desires?

A

power.

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14
Q

There are different forms of power; what is ‘natural’ power?

A

physical strength.

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15
Q

What do other forms of power be derived from riches…

A

reputation, friends.

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16
Q

The reputation of power is the same as…

A

having power.

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17
Q

When does the search for power “ceaseth..

A

only in death.”

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18
Q

Why do we desire power as long as we live?

A

because we always have desires and we need power because to satisfy those desires.

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19
Q

All our passions are the same, all love something, all experience envy, hate something….but what is different?

A

objects of our desires.

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20
Q

Define felicity;

A

continuous progress of desire, never going to sit back and rest on our laurels and say that we have enough as anticipate future desires.

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21
Q

State of nature; “The human condition in the absence of government or…

A

a society.”

22
Q

In the absence of government, we are not a community or society but a mere …

A

multitude of individuals.

23
Q

Hobbesian equality; what does equal for Hobbes mean?

A

all humans have same capacity to destroy each other/capacity to inflict same amount of pain.

24
Q

Hobbesian equality; what about the fact that some people are stronger than others? but what can weak do?

A

Weak people can join together as a confederate to hurt a strong person or attack when sleeping or be cunning.

25
Q

Hobbesian equality;Quote; “They are equals who can do …

A

equal thing against one another; and they who can do the greatest things, namely to kill (one another) can do equal things.”

26
Q

Does Hobbes think that human beings are inherently belligerent?

A

No, not attack each other for the sheer pleasure or satisfy some lust for killing.

27
Q

Define belligerent?

A

Hostile and aggressive

28
Q

What Richard Tuck say about humans in Hobbes state of nature…

A

“human beings are not belligerent, they are stand offish.”

29
Q

Label three sources of conflict in natural state ?

A

competition
Diffidence
Glory

30
Q

Why conflict? Why would we descend into violence in absence of government?
Define competition

A

Fighting for gain and using violence to take other things or other people’s things

31
Q

What is the competition for?

A

resources causes conflict in state of nature, everyone starts grabbing stuff, water, fuel ect…

32
Q

Why would we descend into violence in absence of government?
Define Diffidence?

A

The fear of what others might do encourages pre-emption,

33
Q

Diffidence; insecurity is bred by the…

A

pursuit of security.

34
Q

Diffidence; as you don’t know what others will do, what is the rational thing to do?

A

the rational thing to do to protect yourself is pre-emptively attack others to ensure they can’t attack you.
safety is main priority.

35
Q

Define Glory

A

Fighting for reputation of our imagined superiority/ reputation.

36
Q

Hobbes thinks that human beings are striving towards glory, thoroughly distorted sense of own superiority, better than others, who disagrees with this?

A

Rousseau, vanity and superiority is a product of society, natural humans would not have had these.

37
Q

Who do we require validation from about our own superiority?

A

From other people, not enough just to think of ourselves as good, pretty.

38
Q

What can cause conflict ?

A

a mere trifle such as a smile or look

39
Q

These sources of conflict is going to result in war of every…

A

man against every man.”

40
Q

State of nature not just involve war, but state of nature is

A

a condition of war.

41
Q

Is there a conceptual separation for Hobbes between state of war and state of nature?

A

No.

42
Q

Is there true cooperation in state of nature/ war?

A

No.

43
Q

The state of nature is not a condition of perpetual violence its a condition of…

A

perpetual war.

44
Q

What does the condition of perpetual war mean about violence?

A

The threat of violence is always present, never guaranteed peace but does not mean constant violence.

45
Q

What does Hobbes compare the intermittent violence to…

A

weather with intermittent rain.

46
Q

What does intermittent violence mean that humans cannot do?

A

anything that involves planning such as planting crops because someone could steal them/kill you.

47
Q

Define commodious living ?

A

comfortable or a convenient way of living.

48
Q

In the state of nature, is there moral distinctions?

A

No stable moral distinctions, no common standard of right or wrong.

49
Q

We have a natural right to everything including…

A

a right to each others bodies.

Right to all that we need for self preservation.

50
Q

Life is … (famous quote)

A

solitary, brutish and short.

Early Modern Political Thought (9 decks)

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